Overview of the Development of Education in the UAE and the UK Essay

Overview of the Development of Education in the UAE and the UK - Essay Example Learning processes that use media and methodology have been found to benefit most from ICT use in education. Information Communication Technology is also useful in familirising learners with the installation and the use of IT equipment such as computers (Hsi, 2006). Furthermore, ICT is important for addressing technological ethical and social issues encountered in educational institutions (Bagley et al., 2010). Additionally, educational ICT instills multiple intelligences in learners by simulation, thus promoting learning by all senses (Andrews, 2004). This paper explores the educational ICT networking availability and circumstances in the UK and the UAE. For both countries, educational ICT is categorised as subject, tool/support for other subjects, administrative tool and as a medium for the exchange of knowledge and information (NAEYC, 2008). Educational ICT in the United Kingdom For a long time in the UK, ICT has not only been taught by individual schools as a subject but has also been part of the national curriculum. In fact, most UK students are free to study ICT at the GCSE level (Department of Education, 2011). Among the ICT initiatives that have promoted the growth of educational ICT networking in the UK was the Curriculum Online scheme which unfortunately closed in 2008 (Computer Aid International, 2009). The main purpose of this scheme was to accelerate the uptake of ICT in UK schools (Leask & Pachler, 1999). The agency mandated to oversee the development of educational ICT networking in the UK until April 2011 was Becta (Vanderlinde et al., 2010). In the execution of its mandate, Becta worked closely with the Joint Information Systems Committee to develop the necessary ICT strategies (Young, 2008). With the government cutting its spending on Becta, a major shake-up occurred in UK’s state schools’ ICT networking, with stakeholders giving divergent opinions on the future role and effects of ICT in the educational sector. As a result of th e spending cuts and the feeling that it had become redundant, Becta was abolished in April 2011 (Driscoll et al., 2011). Some stakeholders such as Bernadette Brooks of the Educational ICT Association asserted that the UK government lacked the emphasis that UK’s competitors laid on the need to invest on educational skills in its educational system. In fact, Brooks cited the policy statements of countries such as the United States, UAE and Hong Kong as those in which educational ICT has been identified as central for 21st century growth and development (Harlen &, James, 1996). Brooks also asserted that although it was a positive step for the government to promote ‘free’ schools and freedom for schools to invest in ICT, cutting funding and abolishing advisory agencies such as Becta created new types of challenges for the inclusion and growth of ICT in the education system. For example, it has been a big challenge to harness grants for ICT developments in UK schools since the abolition of Becta (Wray, 2005). Similarly, the abolition of the Building Schools for the Future programme has also considerably reduced the funds available for educational ICT (Fraline, 2011). Holding similar thoughts to Brooks is the National Association of Head Teachers which believes that the spending cuts impose long- and short-term limitations on UK schools’

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, Leadership Styles of coaching Term Paper

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, Leadership Styles of coaching - Term Paper Example Coaches are expected to be able to take a long view, observe, and make constructive criticism that allows the person to be the best they can be. â€Å"A coach usually sits on the sidelines and provides encouragement and advice to the players on the field. During time outs the coach helps the players to see the big picture of what is happening†¦ in a similar way, mentors can coach beginning teachers to connect theory with practice† (Boreen et al, 35). Mentoring and coaching can be very enlightening and positive ways for experienced leaders to reach those new to the team, but there are also risks to these strategies, as well as pros and cons to different leadership styles. Coaches may follow authoritative leadership roles, or be more confrontational to authority. Understanding leadership is very important to coaching professionals because they have to be able to differentiate between different leadership styles, use them appropriately, and find which is best for the situation. For example, the official leader in team development is different from the emergent leader in that there is more likelihood that the official leader will represent traditional organizational forces and the status quo. The emergent leader, on the other hand, may represent a challenge to this sense of tradition and status quo, and thus may present old issues in a new way or seek to change the basic organizational structure. It is likely that the coaching professional will therefore be more attracted to the emergent type of leadership than the traditional, but they should know the styles and characteristics of both. It is also likely that the emergent leader is going to have less of a solid bureaucratic support-structure than the official leader, and may not have the trad itional, conservative authority within a school or organization that an official leader has. The coach acting in an official leadership role may be less willing to take as many risks. Many also think

Impact of Branding on Social Class

Impact of Branding on Social Class BRANDING AND ITS IMPACT ON MIDDLE CLASS Introduction 1.1 BRAND What is a brand? The Oxford American Dictionary (1980) contains the following definition: Brand (noun): a trade mark, goods of a particular make: a mark of identification made with a hot iron, the iron used for this: a piece of burning or charred wood, (verb): to mark with a hot iron, or to label with a trade mark. A short history of brand The word ‘brand’ comes from the Old Norse ‘brandr’, meaning to burn. In pre-historic times when the initial phases of trade was coming to existence, it was by burning that early man stamped ownership on his commodity, and with the development of advanced trade of goods; buyers would use such marks (brands) as a means of distinguishing between the goods being transacted. For example a farmer with a particularly good reputation for the quality of his animals would find his brand much sought after, while the brands of farmers with a lesser reputation were to be avoided or treated with caution. Thus the utility of brands as a guide to choice was established, a role that has remained unchanged to the present day. With rapid and gradual advancement in the acknowledgement of brand for particular goods and commodity, people started vying for goods with a good reputation i.e. brand. With the elapse of time goods and brands have changed but the basic concept remains unchanged and it is ultimately brand that persuades a buyer to go for that product. And with the advanced and developed market situation, brand has become an identity not only for the company it represents but also of its customers. Brand itself has developed into a niche and people vie for that segregated population associated to that brand. Brand today holds a very specific position and top brands have today become a sense of class amongst the top notch people. People associated to a brand don’t go for the product but rather to the brand itself. And brand has set a platform to the people specially the elite class people as a way of differentiating themselves from others. But today with the financial strength of the overall population brand has become a favorite among the middle class population as well. Middle class population that focused on reliable and durable products in the past have started becoming brand conscious and the major factor for this can be the realization in part of the companies in better understanding of the market scenario of the middle class population and diversifying itself in catering to that segment of people. And in parts of the customers they have started realizing in the concept of quality over quantity. Brand established companies nowadays have started manufacturing goods and services as per the demand of these middle class people with quality goods on reasonable prices. And this has played a major role in attracting more and more people into its circle. But a major hindrance for these products and services has become cheap imitation and delicacy. From the time of establishment of brand, imitation has been found along time, so it can be justified that the practice of unlawful imitation lurked close behind, a practice that remains common till this day, even in the presence of highly developed legal systems. 1.2 SOCIAL CLASS Social class refers to a group of people with similar levels of wealth, influence, and status. Sociologists typically use three methods to determine social class. Humans have evolved living in a closed community and have thus been categorized according to their surrounding and their social identity and circle. Social class is that segmentation which varies the people according to this social status and financial stronghold. Accordingly they can be differentiated as follows: Upper class people Upper-middle class people Middle-class people Lower-middle Class People Lower Class People This segmentation according to their financial situation has been the center of attraction for marketers around the globe. Marketers focus on individual segment of people according to the product and services they serve. Some serve the niche market while many serve other general segments. But with financial increment of other class especially of the middle class, more companies serving the top class have started putting their focus on middle class people. 1.3 Objectives: General Objectives To find the importance of brand amongst general public. To identify the market scenario of branded products. Specific Objectives To analyze the trend of brand influence among the middle class population. To study the stronghold of middle class people in the space of branded goods. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Brand has come a long way with the advancement of market and the people associated to the market. Brand nowadays cannot sustain itself only by serving the elite class so the focus has been made relying on the trend and demand of the market, and accordingly their focus has been more directed towards middle class people and their demands. Another aspect of analyzing the situation can be the possibility of threat to the companies itself in trying to penetrate such a volatile segment that are still price conscious in some regards. And identifying the challenges for the brands itself and the consumers is also an important part of this study. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Has brand become so strong that it can easily influence the price sensitive population or is it the cheap imitation that has taken over their market? 1.6 RESEARCH STATEMENT The present middle class population feels more connected to the brand they are attached to than the traditional people/ family. With more and more brands being made available at reasonable price, this segment of population has become the magnetic pull for companies that carry its significant brand. So have the companies really succeeded in luring this class of people towards itself or is it just an unsung tale of what they are yet to achieve. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Although this study has tried uncovering the areas related to brand and its impact on middle class population, total evaluation may be lagging, and the limitation for this has been mentioned below: As the cause of lack of adequate time and required information, some aspect of this study may do injustice to the overall scenario of the market. Limited number of people of this segment will be interviewed and the questionnaires filled accordingly. Some of the filled questionnaires may have doubtful results so proper information may be absent. 2. Literature Review Brand itself is not a product nor an identity put forward by an individual or a company, rather it is an instinctive feeling that individual carries about for a product or services. Trust and Gut feeling on any product is a brand. And this trust comes from meeting and beating customer’s expectation, which comes from brand values as: Price premium Customer preferences Replacement cost Stock Price and Future Earnings And the main purpose of branding is to get more people to buy more stuff for more years at a higher price. (Brand Gap: A VISUAL PRESENTATION BY MARTY NEUMEIER) And brands that catered to the top class people has successfully lured in more and more middle class population into its circle through this trust it has created amongst the total population. The penny pinching population that thrives on price subsidized products has started minimizing their quantitative expenses to focus more on brands they get attracted to. Different types of companies have different concepts of exactly what it means to be middle class. Using income level as the defining criterion for differentiation of class is reasonable. But simply judging a group by income is far from sufficient for marketers of consumer goods. Such marketers trying to reach the middle class have to know more than their salaries. They must know what makes middle class consumers tick. Income plays a powerful role in most purchasing decisions for any consumer segment, but other elements play a role that is sometimes greater than income. When products are relatively inexpensive, income has little influence on a consumer’s decision making process. Deciding to buy chocolate, for example, depends significantly more on consumers’ emotion and shopping experience—a store’s ambience, for example—than it does on how much money they make. /’Using income as the only indicator of spending habits allows much information to slip through the cracks. In addition, income is a difficult variable to act upon, in part because the data on income can be either unavailable or unreliable in most cases. Thus, companies must find meaningful alternatives to predict what consumers can afford and what they are willing to pay for certain goods and services. Zeithaml (1982, 1988) suggests in most purchasing decision customers objective is to Get the best for the money. This represents the combination of price and value orientation which is the most important consideration for most of the consumers. Crier and Ross (1997) maintains that the greater the perceived value, the greater that the customers will be interested in purchasing. They (Crier Ross) explained the term value orientation saying Consumer trends to select the lowest price alternatives when the options in the choice set are perceived to have the same level of benefit. Consumers are becoming more price conscious does not mean that they always go for the lowest price, rather they will seek for affordable price range among their acceptable quality range. Maccilil, (1987), in his study told about the total business and household consumer market that both classes consider price, quality, convenient location as the most powerful influential factors in selecting or buying consumer goods. In the same time Winklin and Duery (1987) conducted a similar study focusing on the two groups of consumers having high income and low income in USA proved the influential forces earlier described by Maccilil. In the theory of marketing and buyer behavior, the concept of social class is considered the basic determinant of consumption behavior. In fact, among behavioral scientists, there was a consensus that market behavior of individuals is closely related to their social class. In this context, social class was often considered more important than income in affecting buying behavior (Slocum and Mathews, 1970). Though these mentioned research pave a road map as to how brand influence the market of middle class people and how brand has come a long way from being a niche to being available for all in the developed nation; the basic format or the fundamentals remains the same even for developing nation like ours. And it can be concluded that of the all class of people, middle class population has become the center target for the companies to penetrate and establish itself. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The dependent and independent variables are as follows: Dependent variables Sales Volume Customer Loyalty Independent Variables Availability of products at affordable prices Financial Stronghold Environment Social Up gradation 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Research Design: This research can be categorized as descriptive and observational study. This can be explained on the fact that it is based on what the trend persists on the market place and also includes facts and findings based on survey being carried out. 3.2 Population/ Sampling: Provided the fact of more brand conscious population is on the rise, this report is based only on limited sampling given the limited time period and resources. Not much study has been conducted on this topic; hence it is limited to certain aspect and does not represent the total scenario of the market. 3.3 Nature of data The source of data is categorized on two fronts: Primary Source: Interview Questionnaire Secondary Source: E-Books and magazines 3.4 Data collection technique Interview: Interview is the best and the most effective method of collecting data, because you get a firsthand knowledge about the present market scenario and the impact of what you’re searching for your study. This helps the interviewers gets to observe the intended market and its population and extract the immediate knowledge of the market. Questionnaire: Questionnaire helps the researcher to find exactly what is to be found and analyzed. A perfectly shaped set of questions gives the intended findings. It also helps to get quick results on a limited time frame. 3.5 Expected Findings Through this research I expect to understand the real market scenario of the branded products and its impact on the middle class population; their reaction towards branded goods and services and their responsiveness towards the strategies played by the companies. References: http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/understanding-chinas-middle-class/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-2921577/Middle-class-travellers-demanding-300MILLION-upgrades-holiday-homes-luxury-self-catering-trend-takes-hold.html The Oxford American Dictionary (1980) Zeithaml (1982, 1988) Crier and Ross (1997) Maccilil (1987) Winklin and Duery (1987) Slocum and Mathew (1970) Gantt chart / Work plan Budget S.N Particulars Budget Head Amount 1. Travelling expenses Travelling and expenses 700 2. Stationery Miscellaneous 500 3. Printing of questionnaires, proposal and final report Print and publishing 200 Total 1400 Questionnaire Describe what ‘brand’ means to you? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In which social class do you put yourself in? Upper Class Upper Middle Class Middle Class Lower Class Define your annual income in the scale (in thousand) If others specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What do you see in a product? Price Quality Brand All of the above Scale your reliance on brand? 1086420 Do you always purchase branded products? Yes No Why do you prefer branded products? To maintain social status Brand consciousness Peer pressure Quality What do you think influences people to buy a branded product? Quality Product Availability Competitive Price Good value and services Do you think branded products marketed for upper class people is as same as the products for the middle class people? Yes No Do you think brand has really attracted the middle class people of our market scenario? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree When it comes to consumable goods do you think brand for a product has a significance? Yes No Do you consider yourself a price sensitive costumer? Yes No Do you bargain when buying a branded product or do you settle at the set premium price? Yes No Do you actually prefer brand or does cheap imitation satisfy you? Brand Cheap imitation is preferable Brand helps middle class people to upgrade their social status? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree If you consider yourself a brand conscious person, has brand upgraded your status? Yes No Do you agree the price tag placed is justifiable for the branded products? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

Cuban Communism :: Communism Essays

â€Å"Japan’s imperial experience was different from that of the West in Asia and Africa in several fundamental ways.† (Bruce Cummings) Is it a valid categorisation of Japanese rule in Korea? Identify some of the main differences between Japanese colonialism and Western colonialism. Illustrate your answer with examples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperialism has existed for many years and has displayed many differing forms. It is a naturally occurring event that has a vast and complex history. Major world powers have been striving to expand their relative power and at the same time provide for their people. From the earliest civilizations groups of individuals set out to improve their well being at the expense of others. When examining more modern imperialism there is little variation from this view. Countries all over the world depend on their colonies to meet the needs of their nation. The world has become transformed and many changes have occurred based on situations resulting from imperialism. There are processes towards basic imperialism that can be labelled as fundamental. Japan’s imperial experience in Korea, for example, differs from what the â€Å"West† experienced in Africa and Asia in several ways. The 19th and 20th centuries displayed a great amount of expansion and the countries of the West were hea vily responsible for this experience. Japan, however, played a key role in the history of imperialism as they joined in the fight for world power. First of all, Japan’s experience is different from the West’s in that it was more of a reactionary decision to expand, while the West had strong, rational motives to do so. Secondly, Japan’s choices in altering Korea’s society by such drastic measures are more powerful than how most of the West approached controlling their many colonies. Thirdly, the West did not have to deal with the outside interference and resistance that Japan was accustomed to near the end of their rule over Korea. Fourthly, Japan and Korea are two closely related countries. Their societies are similar and their geographical locations are very close to each other. The West, on the other hand, does not typically have this attachment with its colonies and the effects are noticeable. Lastly, because Japan had a history of Emperor worship the ways in which the country approached imperialism is affected in ways not applicable to the West. These differing aspects of rule displayed by Japan and the West clearly promote Bruce Cummings take on the matter of imperial experiences in the modern era.

Giving Kids Candy Is Anything But Sweet Essay

Children are attracted to sweets as much as ants are attracted to them. They prefer to eat chocolates, candies, or ice creams than healthy sandwiches or snacks. This is the reason why majority of the companies target their products to young children. They know children simply cannot resist sweets. The author in the article states that it has become very hard for him to limit his kid’s access to candies and other sweets because everybody else is doing the exact opposite of what he is doing. People see sweets as something to give to children as a reward when they do something good. They do not see the unhealthy effect it brings to children’s way of thinking and health, as the article also suggests. It is not very hard to find candies and other kinds of sweet foods. Groceries, convenience stores, and even the dentist’s offices have them in varieties. Any parent who wants their children to have a healthy eating lifestyle might as well forget about doing this because it seems impossible with all the sources that kids can easily get their sweets from. The media also does not help because of the commercials and advertising of these unhealthy food products. This makes it even harder for parents to get their child to eat better and healthier foods. Fruits and vegetables are definitely out of the question, which threatens the health of these young children and brings the discussion to the second idea of the article. Kids nowadays are very much up to date when it comes to technology. They spend countless of hours in front of the Internet to play games, chat with their friends, and check their emails and personal webpages. They are also addicted to video games because they find them fun with or without playing with their friends. Watching television is also one of the things that young people spend their time on. Because of these things, they have become accustomed to an inactive lifestyle. The author states that â€Å"there are many bigger issues facing our world today than candy consumption† but what he is concerned about is the health of these young children (Beasley, 2005). I agree that this kind of lifestyle and the promotion of the public that eating sweets is okay are not helping teach children that being healthy is important. The sedentary lifestyle they have developed and the availability of sweet foods everywhere can lead to serious conditions including obesity, hypertension, or diabetes. These kids do not take health issues seriously because they feel that they are â€Å"too young† to develop them. It is never too early to be concerned about one’s health. Parents need to stand their ground with regard to their children’s health no matter what the media says or how available are the resources for sweet food products. They also need to take time and educate their kids the dangers of getting used to a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the different diseases that can be developed from inactivity and unhealthy eating habits. The public also has to do their part and realize that what they are promoting such as giving candies as a reward or a making kids believe that they can never have too much candy are not helping the parents who want the best for their children. Reference Beasley, D. (2005, April 18). Giving Kids Candy Is Anything But Sweet. Newsweek.

Response to a Personal Narrative on Arranged Marriage Essay

Should your family and cultural background determine who you love? How about who you marry? Sarita James is a South Indian young woman who wrote a personal narrative titled â€Å" let me find my own husband’’. In this story she recounts the pressures placed on her by her family to find a â€Å"suitable boy† for marriage. â€Å"Suitable boy† states Sarita is a term used by Indian families to describe a strong family candidate- someone who comes from the right religion, region, community, and family background. Within my circle of American born-cousins, however, we used the term to tease each other about our parents’ marriage schemes. Arranged marriage is not a romantic ideal. I feel a person’s background or upbringing should not have such a profound effect on whether or not this person is compatible for you. How can you marry someone solely on the basis that they go to the same church as you? Or are members of the same country club? In addition, Sarita says,† our family is both Indian and Catholic. Which was a rarity anywhere and yet I did not want to marry him. I found him to be boring and close minded-he read very little, and claimed he could never have a gay friend. He also did not see why Indian wedding dowries were problematic. I felt my family’s quiet pressure in his presence. I questioned his perennial attendance at our gatherings. â€Å"Do you think we could have just the family visit for Thanksgiving this year?† I asked my mother after two years of his visits. Sarita‘s mother would say, â€Å"But he’s a bachelor â€Å"she would say. â€Å"It’s our duty to host him†. After that he came again. Most of the time in regard to marriage, our concepts are of â€Å"romantic love†. I feel how he can really love you if your family has to pay his family for him to marry you! I don’t think you should marry someone you barely know. How do you commit yourself to someone your family chose for you as a partner? Sarita recalls feeling a deep emptiness she could not explain†¦ she cared for him but was not in love with him. Sarita knew her vision for their shared future had been naively optimistic. The â€Å"suitable boy’s family had accepted a dowry. He was supposed to marry someone else. What hurt most she realized, was the broken trust she had in her parents guidance. Sarita’s parents tended to overprotect and control her. They were denying her of her every wish, even the right to select her own spouse. I think Sarita felt too much pressure from her family. I find it unacceptable to put pressure on a couple involved. Often both partners are reliant on the parents who want them to take part in an arranged marriage for their futures as well as current welfare In conclusion, cultures such as India have had arranged marriages since the beginning of time. In America we have the freedom to make our own decisions on who we marry. Americans would not easily accept the practice of their parents having that much of an influence on who we decide to spend the rest of our lives with.

The Case for Bush essays

The Case for Bush essays In the article The Case For Bush Charles Krauthammer gives his opinions as to why he thinks that President Bush shows the political courage needed in wartime and to as why he should be re-elected. With the ensuing election approaching Krauthammer states its significance with a war going on. Throughout the article Krauthammer clearly expresses his approval of President Bush and his leadership skills. Stating facts of how the president has acted and re-acted to wartime situations with good sound judgment and political correctness exemplifies Krauthammers creditability. Krauthammer starts the main body of the article with the start of the war on 9/11 and how he thinks George Bush comprehended the situation immediately. By acting quickly and declaring war on all terrorist and states that harbor terrorist, he fills that Bush had done something that was absolutely necessary. Krauthammer displays his logic for the piece by presenting the fact that with the tragedy of 9/11 how could the U.S. not go to war on terrorism and avenge the deaths of thousands of innocent Americans? The author goes on to write about the first 100 days after 9/11 and how the world saw some of the most important victories ever achieved in the fight against terrorism. Krauthammer lists the fall of Afghanistan, the insertion of a pro-American government, and the decimation of al-Qaeda required great political courage because, it was thought that this region was once believed to be unconquerable. The writer insights that Bush led and succeeded by mobilizing the American people within 10 days with one of the great speeches in modern American history, an address to Congress so compelling that 19,000 hockey fans in a Philadelphia arena stopped the game so he could be heard and they could be led. With these statements of facts and the expressive pulling of our heartstrings with the catastrophe of 9/11, the author...

Marin Luther King essays

Marin Luther King essays Martin Luther King Jnr. was born on 15 January 1929. His father, Daddy King, was the pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church. King took his duties beyond serving his church, and was involved with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This was probably the influential thing in kings (jnr.) early life that later made him accomplish what he did. King first met racism at the age of six, when a white friends father said that they could no longer play together because King was coloured. His own parents explained about slavery and also made an important point: Dont let it make you feel you are not as good as white people. Kings progress through school was fast. At 15 he went to Morehouse College, a theological college in Connecticut. Here, he expressed doubt about the value of religion, but was eventually convinced of its relevance to the civil-rights struggle. At 19 he was ordained. With a degree in sociology he went to Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, to study for a degree in divinity He came top of his class and graduated in 1951. He went on to study for a doctorate in systematic theology at Boston University. After completing his studies, King felt that he should return home. Accompanied by his new wife, Coretta, he began work at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama. The church was attended mainly by the educated black middle class. Once installed, he set about organizing his congregation. His interest in the community and his effective oratory made him a popular and respected figure. Montgomery, in the Southern heartland, had strict segregation laws; for example, rules about what black passengers could and could not do on buses. Resentment at these rules ran high. On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white and was taken to jail. On 5 December the local black ministers met to discuss...

Business munication for Nonverbal Skills and Body Language

According to many scholars, all the achievements made by organizations and panies have been made possible because of munication between people working in those organizations, panies, or firms. Without proper munication, very little can be realized whether it is in terms of development or good and harmonious relationship (Harrison, 2009). Therefore, effective munication is a key factor in the success of relationship and businesses. Consequently, I have been in a case where people I was municating with perceived wrong information. As I was the team leader, I wanted my juniors to ensure that all the pending projects to be pleted within one day. However, since this was linear munication, most of my juniors understood it differently, that is ‘projects to be cleared in the next two days’. Barriers to effective munication are things that prevent effective munication between interested parties. Generally, during munication, the sender expects that the whole message is delivered to the receiver (Sole, 2009). However, because the message has to pass through some channels, distortion must occur. These distortions, will not allow the original message to be delivered to the receiver. Some barriers to munication are discussed as under: This is one reason why original messages do not reach the receiver as expected. Noise as one of the potential barriers to munication is divided into two categories; the physical noise and psychological noise. Physical noise refers to physical distraction present in the environment during the time when munication is taking place. The noise may be ing from hooting vehicles, people shouting, excessive hotness, or cold. Consequently, the message may be distorted and will not be encoded properly. Therefore, physical noise can distort munication at any level, for instance, it can hinder munication at the sender, receiver, or at the channel. The second type of noise as a barrier to munication is called psychological noise. It is usually experienced when the sender or the receiver has some inbuilt psychological factors, for example, a sender may have problems in using vocabularies in translating the image into sound such that the receiver can understand it correctly (Battell, 2006). In this case, the receiver may not get the meaning of the original content of information intended. Consequently, the receiver with a perceived mind may further distort the message by encoding it differently. Since the sender has wrongly interpreted the content of this message from the start, the receiver will also encode very different thing. This is one of the most mon barriers to effective munication as it is met frequently. It takes place from the fact that people may speak different languages including vernacular languages while others may not either understand nor speak a particular language (Potter, 2002). Consequently, as the sender municates the message, the receiver may not understand the information, thus a hindrance to munication. Similarly, a language may be too hard for the receiver to understand and this may also lead to the wrong message decoded by the receiver (Help guide, 2016). In some cases, the sender may run short of appropriate language to express his or her information to the audience, therefore, he or she may decide to use a language that befits him or her and leave the rest to the receiver to understand and interpret. It is, therefore, important to choose a language that fits the audience so that misinterpretation of the information is prevented.   Apart from noise and language barriers, effective munication may also be hindered by cultural differences. Culture in the social perspective refers to how people carry out themselves, their living styles, norms, and what they do to earn their living. In the world, there are different races, color, ethnic groups, which at any given time carry out their activities differently (Lavy, 2013). This leads to people speaking different languages, practice different cultures among others. The channel of munication is fundamental in ensuring that there is an effective munication between the sender and the receiver. A bad channel will automatically result in distortion of the information (Miller, Biggart, & Newton, 2013). The information to be delivered must have done while choosing an appropriate channel for that particular message. Otherwise, if distance and channel were not put into consideration, there would be distortion on the original message   I realized that because I did not directly pass my information to the responsible people, they had to receive different information from the one that was intended. I realized also that if I can reach my audience directly and physically, I would deliver my information directly without relying on other individuals to do it. The people who were used as channels in this were not affected directly, for instance, it was not their responsibility to plete the projects in time, so they took it less seriously. The information could have gone a wrong channel to reach the intended people. Therefore, to ove e the barriers, a sender should choose the right channel to convey the information. Some of these channels include writing or just talking to the people face-to-face. Face-to-face is always an effective means because the sender finds time to meet his or her audience physically and there is room for feedback as well (Nash, 2015).    As discussed above, the language barrier is one factor that hinders effective munication. In the modern world, however, people are equipped with different languages, but it is important to ensure that the language being used to convey the message is one that everybody will understand so that they would be able to interpret and encode the correct information.  Ã‚   Help guide. (2016). Nonverbal munication: Improving Your Nonverbal Skills and Reading Body Language. Helpguide.org. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/nonverbal munication.htm Harrison, F. (2009). Effective munication. The munication Guide 2(3), 12-17. Battell, C. (2006). Effective listening (1st ed.).Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. Sole, K. (2009). Making connections: Understanding interpersonal munications. Bridge Nash, E. (2015). International Education on Principles of munication. New York: McGraw Hill. Lavy, I. (2013). Soft Skills – An Important Key to munication in the "Shift to a Service-Driven Economy" Era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management, and e-Learning. Miller, L., Biggart, A., and Newton, B. (2013). Basic munication skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Potter, E. (2002). Improving munication Skills and Employability in the 21st Century. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 55(4), p.739

Benefits and Drawbacks of Studying at University Essay

Benefits and Drawbacks of Studying at University - Essay Example Most of the employed graduates have shown to have medical insurance covered by their subsequent employees. University graduates are perceived to engage in a healthy lifestyle, then the high school counterparts. According to the statistics, the level of health increases with higher education. For instance, statistics shows that more than 70 percent of university graduates with income between $35,000 and $54,000 are in better health condition than those high school graduates in the same income bracket and age. Also among the graduates, the level of heath increases with the level of degree attained.The incarceration rate has been seen to be higher in adults with high school education than those with university or college education. Increase in incarceration rate increases the amount government spends on prison costs per an individual inmate. Though this takes us back to the economic benefits of higher education, this finding is more tagged to the effects on the society. Statistics confi rm that, in 1997, 1.2 percent of those incarcerated were adults with no graduate education, but only 0.1 percent of them had higher education. This shows that increased level of university education tends to decrease the potential and characteristics to get involved in crime. Academic success is also viewed as a factor that reduces the likelihood to commit crimes (Cunningham, 2008, p. 1). Studies have revealed high cognitive skills in children of educated mothers than those of the high school graduates.... 16). Incarceration rate The incarceration rate has been seen to be higher in adults with high school education than those with university or college education. Increase in incarceration rate increases the amount government spends as prison costs per an individual inmate. Though this takes us back to the economic benefits of higher education, this finding is more tagged to the effects on the society. Statistics confirms that, in 1997, 1.2 percent of those incarcerated were adults with no graduate education, but only 0.1 per cent of them had higher education. This shows that increased level of university education tends to decrease the potential and characteristics to get involved in crime. Academic success is also viewed as a factor that reduces the likelihood to commit crimes (Cunningham, 2008, p. 1). School readiness Studies have revealed high cognitive skills in children of educated mothers than those of the high school graduates. These children are able to take more education task s and are more informed than those of mothers with lower education background. This means that attainment of higher education will bring forth future benefits of a more informed and learned society. According to research children between the age of 3-5, more than 36 per cent among them whose mother had university education could recite all letters of the alphabet, compared to less than 19 percent of those of high school graduate mothers (Hill, 2005, p. 1.). Ninety per cent of children from graduates’ mother read to not less than 3 times per week, in comparison with the 76 percent of those with high school mothers. Teachers of these children confirm that children from graduate mothers are more

Utopian community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Utopian community - Essay Example Utopian Communities came into existence mainly in the early 19th Century. Most of the utopian communities were the outcome of the disruption caused in the society because of the development in commercialism and capitalism. The main idea behind forming these communities was to form an ideal and perfect society, which would act as a role model for the world.These utopians were condemned as heretics and were looked down upon by the other members of society. Yet these people were not discouraged and strove hard to run it.Utopian communities disintegrated after few years as their lifestyle was strongly opposed by the other members of society. One such example is of Brook Farm, a utopian community, which was formed by a group of transcendentalists who were great scholars and personalities of high demeanor. They too wanted to set an example of a perfect society by experimenting to form a community.Although, the Brook farmers did not leave their traces behind, we learn about their lives at B rook Farm, from the memoirs written by the members of Brook Farm. The members like Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Peabody, Mr. Dwight, Mr. Emerson and Mr. John Van had written biographies or articles in journals that became the primary sources of knowledge about Brook Farm. It is because of these great literary people or scholars that we readers have got the benefit of knowing about the Utopian Community. The articles written by these members gives detailed accounts of how the community was formed, what were the reasons that prompted the head of the community to take such an extreme step of separating from the society and forming a different world. According to these sources, Brook Farm was founded by George Ripley, a transcendentalist from Boston. The community was formed as a joint stock company. In the book written by Rose, Anne titled 'Transcendentalism as a Social Movement,' we find a detailed account of the social reform movement initiated by the transcendentalists and also about how the Brook Farm Community was formed. Before the community was formed George Ripley was a Minister of 'The Purchase Street' in Boston. He was against the views of Andrew Norton, a biblical scholar, of separating the pastor of the church from the sympathies of the people and confining him to a sphere of thought far off from his interests and reducing his services to being a mere educationist (Gordon). Norton too was against the idea of Ripley forming a new Church of his own. He considered this act of Ripley as injurious to the religious belief of the people. But Emerson supported Ripley's decision of forming a new church because he thought that Ripley's church would be "something more than mere Sunday gathering place" (Gordon). He decided to resign from the ministry. In his letter to the Congregational Church in Purchase Street, George Ripley clarifies his aim of breaking free from the hypocritical American Society, which has lot of vices like discriminations and inequalities, false pride, lack of concern for common man, unhealthy competition, lack of desire for the redemption of the masses and tendency of fulfilling selfish motives in the name of God. Thus Brook Farm was established by a group of seventeen members including George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley. In his letter to Emerson, he has stated his goal of establishing Brook Farm. In this letter he has very clearly stated that the transcendentalists in this community had dreamt of living a life, which would be devoid of prejudices, and there would be no discrimination as such. All the members, no matter to which fraternity they belonged to, be it writer or poet had to labor in the field. They will get the much-desired mental freedom and will be given an opportunity to

A Critique of Globalisation Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

A Critique of Globalisation Theories - Essay Example In effect, increased globalisation has encouraged the open economy and free movement of trade while maintaining a closed door policy to the globalisation of human capital across national borders in the western industrialized nations.   Instead, globalisation is viewed in a one way fashion.   Increased industrialization of developing and third world countries were technologically advanced nations can benefit from the cheaper labour pool, the natural resources of the host country and the desperation of the host countries for an infusion of capital without the reciprocal movement of human capital movement to the west.   Klein continues in this vein stating â€Å"the seventy to eighty-five million migrant workers world wide are more than the unseen side effect of ‘free trade.’ Once displaced they also enter the free market†¦as commodities, selling the only thing they have left: their labour.† Hannicles (2005) reminds us that even with the seemingly extensiv e migration in recent years, migration is a widely engrained, accepted practice throughout history.      â€Å"Stimulated by decolonization, modernization, demographic imbalances, and global economic inequalities, international migrant movement has reached unprecedented levels and continues to accelerate†.   Fass (2005: p. 938) reminds us, likewise; â€Å"The mass movement of populations, whether associated with war or with economic change (and since these are frequently related, to both), is hardly new.†Ã¢â‚¬  Since the dawn of time man has migrated. Geographic boundaries are merely societal imposed features of culture to produce an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ phenomenon which have existed since our earliest recorded accounts. As an example Fass (2005) points to our more recent past when during the 17th and 18th century, a period when empires collided and brought large portions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia into the European force field. So expansive was that world, that one historian, David Hancock, has described its innovative and wealthy beneficiaries as Citizens of the World. These collisions created the strong currents that led to an immense migration within the Americas, in Africa, and across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (p. 938) These same routes of migration are still in evidence today. It is neither new nor unique. What has brought the migration to the forefront in recent,

Foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods Essay

Foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods - Essay Example The outcome is sufficient actionable conclusions. Qualitative method provides a greater insight into the behavior of people that contributes towards healthy or unhealthy population. The method often uses case studies and observation of a population. For example, a study on HIV on a particular community may use the qualitative method to identify behaviors that increase the prevalence of the disease in the population under study. A qualitative method would supplement the qualitative method by availing the statistical part. The method gives a better presentation of conclusions in numerical form, shows trends and demographics of a population. In the above example of a study on HIV, quantitative method is important in showing aspects such as number of vulnerable persons, high-risk ages, and the economic cost of the disease. In conclusion, the above illustration shows that a nursing research provides better and actionable conclusions when both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. Whereas qualitative methods provide a theoretical perspective of a phenomenon, the quantitative method avails data evidence to enhance the viability and reliability of the results. However, using both methods is complex, time-consuming and requires expertise in theory and

Effects of Maritime Homeland Defense Capability Gaps and Essay

Effects of Maritime Homeland Defense Capability Gaps and Recommendations for Improvement - Essay Example The most smuggled things are drugs, weapons and people (Simons, 121). These threats are defined as the capability gaps that exist in the homeland defense. This necessitates the application of security capabilities in curbing the threats posed. The department of defense has critically used the gap analysis model to identify these existing deficiencies (Simons, 121). The capability gaps identified have been divided into three regions or zones. These territories are within the borderlines of homeland security. The capabilities gaps necessitate planning the implementation procedures for the capabilities (Holder, 15). The challenges faced in the implementation are unique and include the international cooperation to ensure transparency. The effect brought out by these capability gaps is enormous. They have necessitated different security agencies to try to work together. This can create a lot of negative effects on the running of the agencies. From a managerial perspective, each group need s to be given its own authority and mandate. Failure to use this approach will create a conflict of interests between the heads of different groups. The execution of these capabilities under such conditions shall be restrained. This has an enormous negative effect as the capability gaps identified can not be rectified with infighting within the system supposed to correct them. The gap of unforeseen events, like pirates, requires a different capability. The DOD recommends the use of military force as a way of handling this gap. This kind of approach is considered efficient as opposed to a detailed operation plan. A detailed operation plan would be best fitted for a specific threat. In this approach the homeland defense will be providing guidance to the other subordinate departments that shall be helping in the execution of the capability. A detailed operation plan would, however, be used when dealing with threat of adversary nations’ naval forces. This is going to entail a pla nned course of action. With the threat being known homeland security can prepare effectively. The previous threat of unforeseen events however, needs preparedness. It means that there has to be a group kept ready waiting for such an occurrence (Antommarch, 32). These deficiencies have had several effects on the homeland security system. With the identification of the gaps, the operations of homeland security need a total overhaul. There appears the need to alter the budgetary allocation so as to cater for the execution of these capabilities. The effect of doing this shall be creation of extra gaps as opposed to correcting the existing one. Since the government has already made its financial allocation to the homeland security, an internal alteration shall have to be done. Cutting down of spending shall entail identifying the allocation from which some money can be recovered. This shall in turn stretch the capability of homeland security to undertake the correction. Another effect th at can come out of these capability gaps is the ability of a single security agency to handle these capabilities. There brings the need to acquire new equipment which may not be available at the moment. The Federal Acquisition Regulations requires the use of appropriate fund in any such process. With the pressure exerted on homeland security, some of those regulations may be hard to follow. This would mean that the capabilities

A Critique of Globalisation Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

A Critique of Globalisation Theories - Essay Example In effect, increased globalisation has encouraged the open economy and free movement of trade while maintaining a closed door policy to the globalisation of human capital across national borders in the western industrialized nations.   Instead, globalisation is viewed in a one way fashion.   Increased industrialization of developing and third world countries were technologically advanced nations can benefit from the cheaper labour pool, the natural resources of the host country and the desperation of the host countries for an infusion of capital without the reciprocal movement of human capital movement to the west.   Klein continues in this vein stating â€Å"the seventy to eighty-five million migrant workers world wide are more than the unseen side effect of ‘free trade.’ Once displaced they also enter the free market†¦as commodities, selling the only thing they have left: their labour.† Hannicles (2005) reminds us that even with the seemingly extensiv e migration in recent years, migration is a widely engrained, accepted practice throughout history.      â€Å"Stimulated by decolonization, modernization, demographic imbalances, and global economic inequalities, international migrant movement has reached unprecedented levels and continues to accelerate†.   Fass (2005: p. 938) reminds us, likewise; â€Å"The mass movement of populations, whether associated with war or with economic change (and since these are frequently related, to both), is hardly new.†Ã¢â‚¬  Since the dawn of time man has migrated. Geographic boundaries are merely societal imposed features of culture to produce an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ phenomenon which have existed since our earliest recorded accounts. As an example Fass (2005) points to our more recent past when during the 17th and 18th century, a period when empires collided and brought large portions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia into the European force field. So expansive was that world, that one historian, David Hancock, has described its innovative and wealthy beneficiaries as Citizens of the World. These collisions created the strong currents that led to an immense migration within the Americas, in Africa, and across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (p. 938) These same routes of migration are still in evidence today. It is neither new nor unique. What has brought the migration to the forefront in recent,

Effects of Maritime Homeland Defense Capability Gaps and Essay

Effects of Maritime Homeland Defense Capability Gaps and Recommendations for Improvement - Essay Example The most smuggled things are drugs, weapons and people (Simons, 121). These threats are defined as the capability gaps that exist in the homeland defense. This necessitates the application of security capabilities in curbing the threats posed. The department of defense has critically used the gap analysis model to identify these existing deficiencies (Simons, 121). The capability gaps identified have been divided into three regions or zones. These territories are within the borderlines of homeland security. The capabilities gaps necessitate planning the implementation procedures for the capabilities (Holder, 15). The challenges faced in the implementation are unique and include the international cooperation to ensure transparency. The effect brought out by these capability gaps is enormous. They have necessitated different security agencies to try to work together. This can create a lot of negative effects on the running of the agencies. From a managerial perspective, each group need s to be given its own authority and mandate. Failure to use this approach will create a conflict of interests between the heads of different groups. The execution of these capabilities under such conditions shall be restrained. This has an enormous negative effect as the capability gaps identified can not be rectified with infighting within the system supposed to correct them. The gap of unforeseen events, like pirates, requires a different capability. The DOD recommends the use of military force as a way of handling this gap. This kind of approach is considered efficient as opposed to a detailed operation plan. A detailed operation plan would be best fitted for a specific threat. In this approach the homeland defense will be providing guidance to the other subordinate departments that shall be helping in the execution of the capability. A detailed operation plan would, however, be used when dealing with threat of adversary nations’ naval forces. This is going to entail a pla nned course of action. With the threat being known homeland security can prepare effectively. The previous threat of unforeseen events however, needs preparedness. It means that there has to be a group kept ready waiting for such an occurrence (Antommarch, 32). These deficiencies have had several effects on the homeland security system. With the identification of the gaps, the operations of homeland security need a total overhaul. There appears the need to alter the budgetary allocation so as to cater for the execution of these capabilities. The effect of doing this shall be creation of extra gaps as opposed to correcting the existing one. Since the government has already made its financial allocation to the homeland security, an internal alteration shall have to be done. Cutting down of spending shall entail identifying the allocation from which some money can be recovered. This shall in turn stretch the capability of homeland security to undertake the correction. Another effect th at can come out of these capability gaps is the ability of a single security agency to handle these capabilities. There brings the need to acquire new equipment which may not be available at the moment. The Federal Acquisition Regulations requires the use of appropriate fund in any such process. With the pressure exerted on homeland security, some of those regulations may be hard to follow. This would mean that the capabilities

Hitler and Big Brother Essay Example for Free

Hitler and Big Brother Essay Some totalitarian regimes can be similar in some ways but also different in others. 1984 is a book that talks about a totalitarian regime that is ruled by big brother. We can find some similarities to this totalitarian regime with the regime of Adolf Hitler. They are both totalitarian regimes that are ruled by different leaders that can convince people to follow them so they can rule a population, and make people to be subordinated to them just by persuading them. So if you look to both totalitarian regimes you can find come similarity in how they ruled the population and what their idea was, but also can find a lot of differences between bot regimes. In the novel of 1984 the author writes about the society under the powerful and omniscient Big Brother. Is an story that show us the dangers of a totalitarian government. So in the book it shows how controlling Big Brother is and also shows that in the future it would be so much more. That means that in the future the danger would be bigger. This is a similarity that Big Brother has with Adolf Hitler; both are very controlling, Hitler controlled and watched all the time the Nazis and the Jews. Both leaders besides being very controller both are obsessed with power. So both leaders needed to have everyone in control of them, because they needed that. Hitler didn’t think twice about his actions, this relates to Big Brother because he was also quick to judge and didn’t give anyone second choice, you were or equal or dead. Influencing people at a young age is one tactic used by Hitler in Nazi Germany and by Big Brother in 1984 to keep the future of their nations devoted. This type of organization makes the young ones feel like they are involved in something important. Both Hitler and Big brother have ways of brain washing the youth mind so they start following them. The spies in 1984 and the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany grow up living the way that their dictator had set up and for the rest of their lives they will be faithful and devoted, and both dictator make them think that that way of living was the only one good for them, so for the rest of their lives they would think that was the only way of living. That is cruel because the youth don’t know what is going to happen, they don’t know if what they are doing is right or wrong. Both leaders chose youth to manipulate because is so much easier, because they still don’t know a lot of things. Hitler killed a lot of Jews during the Holocaust because he had prejudice against them. This can be related to Big brother because he had prejudice against intelligent people, and used a memory ship to erase their memory, that was his way of stopping intelligence people. Maybe this is not a similarity between them both because Big Brother didn’t kill that much people, but both have the same idea, stopping the people they had prejudice. Both leaders also use mass media to create heroic images about them. Hitler create a cult about himself by making he look god-like and infallibles. Both leaders transform their society in their revolutionary ideas using propagandas and techniques. Hitler and Big Brother presented themselves as god-like to gain the people appeal. They both are strong leaders that use their intelligence and their persuasive to play off peoples fear to gain more power.

Organisations

Organisations Today organizations especially large ones are very complicated, because they are in a continuously changing business and economic environment. Moreover consumers demand is high, constantly changes and all that force organisations to be in an intensive competition and to increase the standards of performance. Companies have established Human resource departments or senior managers to perform human resource management functions and use practices in order to try to improve and sustain a better organisational performance. Every company has to know their employees, their capabilities to actually get best of them because it is believed to be the most valuable capital and main source of competitive advantage. In 2001, Calkin claimed, that more than 30 studies in the US and UK leave no room for doubt; how organizations mange and develop people has a powerful-perhaps the most powerful-effect on overall performance, including the bottom line. The main ones have been done in the past starts in 1990s by Arthur in 1992, 1994; MacDuffie in 1995; Martell and Carroll in 1995b; Huselid in 1995; Delaney and Huselid in 1996; Wood in 1996; Guest in 2001 which claim to prove statistically the bond between both HRM practises and organizational performance because of increased productivity. The results of their studies are that the HRM activities such as decentralisation of authority will result in lower degree of turnover (Arthur, 1994) or Bundles of internally consistent HRM practices are associated with higher productivity and quality ( McDuffie, 1995) are to support the hypothesis that there is a link between HRM and the HRM outcomes on performance. Also looking through studies established in the UK call centres, US firms, Australia and New Zealand manufactures, Norway, those cases do identify a relevance in favour that there is a relationship between human resource management and organisational performance. However there is a strong criticism about them, especially how the resea rch was performed, evaluation methods used and the data interpreted. Before linking HRM and performance it is important to understand what it is. First of all human resource management in many textbooks is simply explained as getting things done through the people. A more objective definition would be proposed by Storey (1998) where he states that HRM is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Additionally it useful to mention that is the strategic perspective of HR, which actually presents the importance of human resource practices for organisational performance Companies try to achieve significant superior performance by using HRM and different practices. The US academic Jeffrey Pfeffer (1998) identified seven main HR practices in the successful organisations. According Pfeffer human resource practices for performance improvement are: employment security, selective hiring, self-managed work teams, high pay contingent on company performance, extensive training, reduction of status differences, sharing information. Later European researchers Den Hartog and Verbug (2004) complemented Pfeffers job by distinguishing eight key practices which help to understand the association between HR and organizational performance. They are: employment skills, autonomy, pay-for-performance, profit-sharing, performance appraisal, team performance, information-sharing, job evaluation. Thus there is different ways to recognise how HR policies and practices actually contribute, because only certain ones might always result in high performance. This approach is called universalistic approach. The contingency approach proposes that that variety of practices needed to make a difference also taking into account environment and business strategy. Another view is that we have to realise that every organisation has its own culture, unique employees and because of that the set of HR practices and polices which will be the best will also be unique to that company. This approach is call as resource-based view (D.Torrington, L.Hall, S.Taylor, 2008 p.256). Every organisation has different outcomes and according Brattson and Gold this organisational performance can be measured from two sides (2007 4thed:527). The first measure is operating performance what includes reduced unit costs, improved product/service quality, labour productivity, innovation of products and processes all those are employee related indicators. Another measure of a performance is by financial performance such as profit, market share, and return on investment. Because companies can quite easily copy one anothers technology, but not human resource capabilities if an organisation has well working HR practices that is a big advantage to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. (Toby D. Wall and Stephen J. Wood, 2005) For instance not a long time ago Stephen Wood, David Holman and Christopher Stride (2006) did a research on HRM and performance in UK call centres. They have use data from a sample of 145 UK call centres and the research has found direct relationships between human resource practices and performance. However the represented response rate was only 20per cent. It is very low response rate, but it allowed for the authors to make conclusions from what was detected that firstly, that performance appraisal was negatively associated with unauthorised absence. Secondly, systematic selection tests, longer initial training and higher levels of internal recruitment were positively associated with achieving target times and suggestion making. Also there was significant links between relationship-building and both work discretion and teamworking, task discretion is associated with both training and improvement teams as well as internal recruitment seems to improve performance and innovation, cust omers satisfaction.(p:117-120) This example identifies relevance that practices and their implementation are vital ingredient in linking employees especially management to overall organisational performance. In addition there is a reason given to believe in a linkage because of Peters H. van der Meer and Kristens Ringdals research which was conducted in Norway (2003) findings were positive after organisation introduced job rotation which appeared to reduce labour costs per unit produced by having lower wage cost. Also the productivity increased more than in the organisations without job rotations. However the critique here would be that like in other similar works that there is n obvious limitation in data collection, because results could be affected by selectivity and response of respondents, also there is not enough of the evidence to prove. Graeme Salaman, John Storey and Jon Billsberry state that it is very important to identify the best HRM practices, those whose adoption generally leads to valued firm-level outcomes (2005:p122) Authors have extinguished that as extensive recruitment, selection, and training policies; formal information sharing, attitude assessment, job design, grievance procedures, and labour management participation programs; performance appraisals, promotion, and incentive compensation systems that recognise and reward employees practices. Than the research was given which was held in the US 3,452 firms participating. There were thirteen High performance practices to analyse the independent contribution of each practice to firm performance. The results showed that before the research there was a strong support for the hypotheses predicting that High performance work Practices will affect firm performance and important employment outcomes, the results justified it and that also significant effects o f High performance practices found are also financially meaningful as Graeme Salaman, John Storey and Jon Billsberry state.(2005: p140) Although all those studies propose that there is a synergy among increasing productivity and HRM especially strategic HRM, what is the overall combination of HR philosophy, processes, policies, programmes and practices creating the human performance desired and it is doing so at a reasonable cost (Gordan 2001). However not all of the studies finds only positive results. For instance it was thought because of the previous studies that one of the main HR practices are training and team working, from the example of NHS. Thus the research does identify a link; it can not be taken for granted that HR really helps to reduce mortality rates. Yes training helps to develop skills, and company expects them to be transferred into work floor, but does it happen straight after employees have been trained. Moreover according the D. Challis, D.Salmon and B.Lawson research done in the Australia and New Zeland 1024 manufacturing sites indicates that organizational and human resource practices are sig nificant additional variance in both employee and manufacturing performance. The results have showed that both training and teams are important in weak manufacturing environments, but are not significant in strong manufacturing environments. Moreover although training helps develop worker skills, it may not be enough to guarantee that skills employee got will actually be transferred to the factory floor.'(2005 vol. 43(1) p.103) So it is very difficult to prove and there are some disadvantages of the processed studies and the results. First of all because of the evaluation of a study is very subjective. There are different available methods used in evaluating results. People have their own interpretation, opinions, such as about the turnover, in one case it can be assumed to be a good thing because constantly changing employees bring new ideas into the organisation. And on the other hand if employees today do not have job satisfaction, do not have their career developing, do not get higher wages or better working conditions they leave. Some peoples answers depend upon the way questioned employees feel that day, or because after the notice of research taking place makes them feel suspicious maybe and work harder. Also it depends on the bundles of practices used in the research and put together. Sometimes it can be forgotten that practices used or implemented can bring benefits after long term. The author Phillips (1991) in his book states that external factors can influence and change the performance, government regulation, labour market conditions, and union strength. For instance the economic recession determines workers to work hard and not to l ose jobs in the case of reduction of staff. A very relevant critique was found in an article called The romance of human resource management and business performance, and the case for big science written by Toby D. Wall and Stephen J. Wood(2005), they argue that the studies done before have created wrong expectations of the effect of HRM practices on performance. Their critique upon the studies done, what they call as a romance is containing errors; Wall and Wood identify that the reliability is often tolerant although the sizes of effects are typically small in prior research. Also in some cases measures of performance chosen might not be appropriate; they have to look at the environment of a business. Authors judge the studies because they are not done properly, and say that in the future it should be used better research methods and design, and also should be large-size long-term research when you can look what it was like before and what is after implementation and use of HRM. O therwise it is like a failure of to see the certified link between HRM and performance. In the conclusion nowadays business world is changing very rapidly and both people and organisations which vary in size, aims, functions, construction, the nature of their product or service are complicated and because of that to be the best in the industry firms have to have a well established human resource management according main studies. Organizations have to have their HRM working at a strategic level because then practices are focused on a short or better on a long term results when the improved performance could have an added-value and benefits. However the discussion about the link between the HRM and performance is under investigation for about more than 20 years and nobody is sure about it. Yes it is known that HRM management is working and do have the impact on employees and might make organisation successful but which particular practice or bundle to use universally is not known, because one thing combines with another, one organisation is different than another. Howeve r to apply studies and believe in all the results of practices or practice make a different would be violent interpretation. Because in studies done to prove the link of HRM and organizational performance there are limitations and it is very important to understand bias as well as that how the research been conducted and interpreted. References: Arthur, J. B. (1994) Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87 Bratton and Gold (2007) Human resource management: Theory and Practice 4th ed.; Palgrave Macmillan, New York D. Challis, D.Salmon and B.Lawson (2005) Impact of technological, organizational and human resource investments on employee and manufacturing performance: Australian and New Zealand evidence International Journal of Production Research, 43(1): 81-107 Derek Torrington., Laura Hall, Stephen Taylor (2008) Human Resource Management; 7th ed. London, Pearson education, p.256 Godard, J., (2001) High Performance and the Transformation of Work: The Implications of Alternative Work Practices for the Experience and Outcomes of Work Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54 (4): 776-805 Graeme Salaman, John Storey and Jon Billsberry (2005) Strategic Human resource Management: Theory and Practice; 2nd ed. Sage publications, London Lahteenmaki, S., J. Storey and S. Vanhala (1998) HRM and Company Performance: the Use of Measurement and the Influence of Economic Cycles, Human Resource Management Journal, 8(2): 51-65. MacDuffie , J.P. (1995) Human resource bundles and manufacturing performance: organizational logic and flexible production systems in the world auto industry. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol.48: 197-221 Michael Armstrong and Duncan Brown (2009) Strategic Reward Implementing more effective reward management; Kogan Page, London and Philadelphia Pfeffer, J. (1998) The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting people first. Boston: Harward Business School Press. Toby D. Wall and Stephen J. Wood (2005) The romance of human resource management and business performance, and the case for big science Vol.58(4): 429-462 West A., Carol Borrill, Jeremy Dawson, Judy Scully, Matthew Carter, Stephen Anelay, Malcolm Patterson and Justin Waring (2002) The link between the management if employees and patient mortality in acute hospitals Int. J. of Human Resource Management 13(8): 1299-1310 West, M. et al. (2002) The Link between the Management of Employees and Patient Mortality in Acute Hospitals, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8): 1299-1310. Wood S. (2006) Human resource management and performance in the UK call centres British Journal of Industrial Relations 44(1):99-124

The Eccentric Work of Djuna Barnes :: Biography Arts

The Eccentric Work of Djuna Barnes It is precisely Barnes's relation to literary tradition that so troubles assessments of her work: readers do not know where to "place" her. . . . Although well respected by her contemporaries, Barnes's work has fallen prey to the same set of received notions that until very recently informed studies of Gertrude Stein: both women have been chastised for being significantly different from their Paris colleagues and for failing to master the Modernist enterprise. (Benstock 242-3) It only seems appropriate that I begin with this quotation from Shari Benstock's Women of the Left Bank because it immediately situates the critical problem that my own project hopes to illuminate: how to begin to approach Barnes's eccentric work within a historical context and how to make sense of the implications of such eccentricities given that context. Her work, even within the diverse body of eccentric modernist texts, stands apart in its uniqueness. Like many modernist texts (i.e. Toomer's Cane, Joyce's Finnegan's Wake, and much of Stein's work), Barnes's work is difficult to categorize. Unlike other modernist texts, however, Barnes's work challenges genre through its mixing of both linguistic and visual representation. For example, in texts such as Ladies Almanack and The Book of Repulsive Women, Barnes uses both text and drawings to depict female sexuality. It is this shifting between modes of representation that will be the emphasis of my project. Through an examination of both her textual and visual art forms, I will argue that Barnes was experimenting in different ways than her contemporaries, ways that radically challenged understandings of gender, identity, and sexuality by suggesting that these categories are unstable, ever-shifting entities. One of the most important elements in this experimentation was her performance: through her shifts between forms and genres, Barnes mimics and performs the very instabilities that she represents in those art forms. Much like the fin-de-sià ¨cle Decadents with whom she is often linked, Barnes makes central the trope of transition in her shifts between genres. Indeed, Djuna Barnes's work is grounded in decadence, and a brief examination of this tradition will help situate her work. French and English fin-de-sià ¨cle writers and artists such as Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Symons, Max Beerbohm, and Aubrey Beardsley all used a decadent style in their works. Though many critics point to the difficulty in defining decadence, they do agree that the style has distinguishing characteristics:

The Importance of Teaching English Essay -- essays research papers

The Importance of Teaching English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the world were over seven thousand languages have exisisted, one language had become dominate. This dominant language is English.† â€Å"In the majority of countries throughout the world speak English as their second or first language, no longer just America or England.† English has taken many forms, American English, the Queen’s English, Australian, Canadian English, and several others. Even American English has taken several types of English, Jersey English, East Coast English, West Coast English, Southern English, slang English, and Ebonics. All of these languages have major variants between them, but are all of them are still understood aboard. Without English the world couldn’t operate, because there would be no one language that could be understands all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to cultural and economic backgrounds English is slightly different in each area, therefore there no one exact English. American English is the most common and broad type of English. American English spreads widely throughout the world, because of the wide spread traveling that many American dos. American English itself breaks apart into almost fifty types of spoken English. Each type of spoken American English is changed depending on the type of music that area listens to, the life styles they live, and the background of that area. For example, southerners speak faster and more rapidly then most â€Å"Idahodians† do. â€Å"As A result of this, many southerners ...

Life Cycle Analysis for Brick

Life Cycle Analysis For Brick 1Materials are very important in construction industry because with the combination of different material, we can create a very strong and unique building form. There are many type of material that commonly used in the construction industry, for example the glass, woods, bricks, stones, marble, concretes and etc. Brick is one of the most commonly used materials in Malaysia, because almost every house in housing area was built by bricks. From this essay I want to give analysis about the brick life cycle included its origin and how the brick being used after the end of its life cycle. 2Brick was appeared since the beginning of the civilization, which is the ancient Mesopotamia around 8000 BC. (Think Brick Australia 2007) The thick clay and mud leave by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was reinforced with straw and shaped into brick and then dried in the sun. Bricks were glazed in a variety of colours as the time progressed and used to decorate the facades of the ziggurat, or temple towers, built as stairways to and for the Gods. In the end, people started to realize that when the wooden houses burned and the brick on the remaining chimneys had been strengthened, so fire-hardened bricks began to replace adobe ones in India and the Middle East. And the Romans used kiln-burned brick in conjunction with an efficient mortar of lime and volcanic ash to construct buildings that were both beautiful and last longer. Think Brick Australia 2007) 3Brick is a masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by firing in a kiln. The manufacture of bricks is used easily workable and clayey materials and the materials are avoided to contain any large hard components or lumps of lime, this is to avoid crack and split of the brick. We can obtain clay on the surface of the ground. There are three principal form of clay used to manufactured clay brick which are surface clay, shales, and fire clays. The surface clays is sedimentary clays which found near the surface of the earth, shales is clay that have been subjected to high pressures until they have hardened almost to the form of slate, and the fire clays is clays which have found deeper in the ground than other types and to have refractory qualities. These three principal forms of clays have similar chemical compositions but appear in different physical. The clays can easily be found and to extract because usually we can find it in the ground surface. After the clay has been extract from the ground, it covered with water, usually used to be work by hand with special hoe. There are several processes to form a brick which are soft mud process, stiff mud process and dry-press process. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) The soft mud process refers to forming brick by molding relatively wet clay having a moisture content of 20 percent to 30 percent. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) The Stiff mud process refers to forming brick and structural tile by extruding stiff but plastic clay having moisture content of 12 percent to 15 percent and then the de-airing machine will removes air and eliminating holes and bubbles in the clay. Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) After that the clay is force through die and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before to heat the finish in the kiln. The dry-press process refers to forming brick by molding relatively dry or low plasticity clay which having moisture content of 5 percent to 7 percent under high pressure, the resulting of this process is sharp-edged, smooth-surfaced bricks. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) 4The most imp ortant step to form a stronger brick is through the drying and firing process. There are three different kinds generally used the humidity system of drying can be applied to any type of dryer, as the term humidity drying represents a process rather than a form of structural design. Humidity drying may be divided into three stages: first is the heating stage, during which the clay is gradually heated up in an atmosphere of relatively high humidity, this prevents excessive cracking or distorting on the face of the brick. After that is the drying period, in which the air is heated to a maximum temperature for the clay being dried, the humidity is gradually decreased to allow the clay to dry uniformly all the way through. And the third which is the cooling stage, in which the temperature is gradually decreased to uniformity. The clay is not fully dried when placed in the kiln. Hygroscopic water is not driven off at ordinary temperatures or even at the boiling point of water. In fact, the temperature often rises quite a bit above the boiling point before the water is completely evolved. The watersmoking is accomplished by fire in the kiln furnaces. Wood is frequently used for this purpose, to avoid sooting. In the watersmoking eriod it is desired to heat up the brick, evaporate and remove the moisture, and to accomplish this successfully, it is very necessary that draft be strong. The watersmoking is the most critical point in the life of the brick. The process must be carried very slowly the water in coming out of the clay may crack the surface. After the watersmoking is completed, the temperature is increase to that required in oxidation. Oxidation begins in the later stages of vitrification, but the greater part occurs between the temperatures of 800oF and 1300oF. At this stage most of the impurities are given off and the metals constituting the clay are changed to their respective oxides. The highest temperature reached at this point is usually near 2000oF. 5Brick grade designates the durability of a brick unit when exposed to weathering. The United States is divided into three weathering regions, severe, moderate, and negligible, according to annual winter rainfall and the annual number of freezing-cycle days. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 6) Brick is graded for use in each region according to compressive strength, maximum water absorption, and maximum saturation coefficient. The three grades are SW is brick suitable for exposure to severe weathering, as when in contact with the ground or used on surfaces likely to be permeated with water in subfreezing temperatures; minimum compressive strength of 17238 kPa. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) MW is brick suitable for exposure to moderate weathering, as when used above grade on surfaces unlikely to be permeated with water in subfreezing temperatures; minimum compressive strength of 15169 kPa. Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) NW is brick suitable for exposure to negligible weathering, as when used as a backup or interior masonry; minimum compressive strength of 18243 kPa. (Ching and Adams 2001, 12. 06) 6The manual production of the bricks involves mainly four operations namely, soil preparation, moulding, drying and firing. The main process in which energy is consumed is firing of bricks. The amount of total coal required is about 18 tonnes to 22 tonnes depending upon the weather condition, quality of coal, etc. A tonne of coal gives about 12. 3MJ to 13. 3MJ depending upon the quality of the coal generally transported from far off distances. (Gumaste n. d. ) The energy required to produce each brick inclusive of transportation comes to about 5 MJ per brick. (Gumaste n. d. ) Advantage of using bricks One of the advantages of using brick to build building is because brick is a high thermal mass material, it absorb heat throughout the day and release it slowly at night, this is ensuring internal temperatures are consistent throughout the day and night. The result is we’re able to have comfortable and healthy living and working environment in which to enjoy stable temperatures throughout the year. Brick building also very sustainable because they highly durable, offer long term life performance, low maintenance, and energy efficient and recyclable. But bricks have been labeled as having high embodied energy due to their process of manufacture. However, in measuring sustainability it is necessary to take into account a material’s life cycle performance, s well as the amount of energy consumed in the manufacturing process. And a recent research by think brick demonstrates that the proportion of embodied energy of clay bricks for the modern semi-detached home is equal to just 1. 87 percent of the over all heating requirement for the home over its 150 year life. Moreover during the manufacture of brick, very little clay is wasted, and those unfired waste clay is reused in the manufacturing process and less than perfect fired bricks are crushed and used as a aggregates in other parts of the building industry. In conclusion, brick has a very high embodied energy during manufacture, especially in the firing system which required many of the energy to burn the brick, but it is highly durable, offer long term life performance and low maintenance so it is very suitable as a material to built the long stay building. Reference list: Berge, B and Trans. 2000. The Ecology of Building Materials. London: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd. Ching, F. D. K. , and C. Adams. 2001. Building construction ill ustrated. 3rd ed. Toronto: John Wiley & sons Inc. Gumaste, K. S. n. d. Embodied energy computations in buildings. http://www. ese. iitb. ac. in/aer2006_files/papers/144. pdf (accessed September 24, 2008) Simmons, H. L. 2001. Construction Principles Materials and Methods. 7th edition. New York: John Willey and Sons Inc. Think Brick Australia. 2007. Why choose Brick? Sustainability. http://www. thinkbrick. com. au/thinking-brick/why-brick/sustainability_home/sustainability_home. cfm (accessed October 10, 2008). Think Brick United Kingdom. 2007. Why Brick? http://www. brick. org. uk/about-us/why-use-brick. html (accessed on September 24, 2008)

Pre Natal Diognostic Techniques Health And Social Care Essay

The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act, 1994, was enacted and brought into operation from 1st January, 1996, in order to look into female foeticide in India. Rules have besides been framed under the Act. The Act prohibits finding and revelation of the sex of fetus i.e. antenatal sex understanding by misapplying different pre-natal diagnostic techniques and processs. It besides prohibits any advertizements associating to pre-natal finding of sex and prescribes penalty for its dispute. Any individual who contravenes the commissariats of this Act is punishable with imprisonment and mulct. Recently, PNDT Act[ 1 ]and Rules[ 2 ]have been amended maintaining in position the emerging engineerings and new pre-natal diagnostic techniques for choice of sex before and after construct and jobs faced in the working of execution of the ACT and certain waies of Hon'ble Supreme Court after a PIL was filed in May, 2000 by CEHAT and Ors, an NGO on slow execution of the Act. These amendments have come into operation with consequence from 14th February, 2003PRE-NATAL DIOGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURESPrenatal diagnostic proving involves proving the fetus before the birth ( prenatally ) inorder to find as to whether the fetus has certain abnormalcies, including certain familial or self-generated familial upsets. Some of these trials, such as echography and certain blood trials, are frequently portion of everyday prenatal attention. Ultrasonography and blood trials are safe and sometimes assist find whether more invasive antenatal familial trials ( such as chorionic villus sampling, am niocentesis, and transdermal umbilical blood sampling ) are needed. Prenatal diagnosing enables early diagnosing of inborn anomalousnesss and familial upsets in the underdeveloped embryo. The population hazard of holding a kid with some inborn abnormalcy, whether genetically and/or environmentally determined, varies between 3 and 5 % . In households at hazard of a familial upset the chance of holding an affected kid can transcend several fold the population hazard, hence in these households prenatal diagnostic processs should be purely applied.[ 3 ] Advanced conceive ofing techniques every bit good as cytogenetic and molecular biological science methods provide the agencies to name prenatally legion inborn structural deformities and familial upsets in high- hazard households. Early diagnosing in utero can turn out indispensable to direction of the gestation, antenatal and postpartum medical attention, and intervention. It is besides important to doing informed determinations about go oning or ending the gestation. Familial guidance in association with modern antenatal diagnostic processs constitutes a basic component of bar of inborn anomalousnesss and familial upsets. The procedure of antenatal guidance and diagnosing is committed chiefly to reassigning information which aims to assist the parents: – 1. To understand and admit the indicants for antenatal diagnosing, 2. To understand the medical facets of doing the diagnosing of a familial disease or a inborn abnormalcy ( by qualifying the upset, form of heritage, the hazard of holding an affected kid in consecutive coevalss ) , 3. To do informed picks about the adequate for a given pathology and acceptable diagnostic strategy ( by depicting the possible diagnostic methods and processs, their benefits, restrictions and hazards ) . Harmonizing to World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and European Commission ‘s recommendations, antenatal diagnosing should be voluntary and performed merely in order to get cognition about fetal wellness position ( as described by medical indicants ) . Feasibility of antenatal diagnosing should be equal, just, and available to anyone, irrespective of the twosome ‘s or medical practician ‘s attitude towards expiration of gestation. In instance of having an unnatural consequence, the determination about expiration of the gestation should be made independently by the adult female or the twosome. Peoples doing such determinations should non be discriminated against, whatever determination they have made: either ending the gestation or giving birth to a disabled kid. Methods of antenatal diagnosing can be divided into: – ( a ) Non-Invasive ; and ( B ) Invasive techniques.NON-INVASIVE PROCEDURESNon-Invasive techniques are used for naming inborn anomalousnesss and hazard appraisal of given familial upsets ( testing ) aˆ? Ultrasound: Routine obstetric ultrasound scan: – Everyday obstetric ultrasound scanning performed by the obstetrician pull offing the gestation. Standards for normal gestations provide for four scans carried out at: 11-14 hebdomads, 21-26 hebdomads, 27-32 hebdomads, and 40 hebdomad of gestation. High-resolution ultrasound scan and Doppler surveies: – Performed in any gestation with an increased hazard of fetal structural abnormalcies, isolated or portion of a familial syndrome. Womans are referred for high-resolution ultrasound to specialist Centres pull offing bad gestations. In recent old ages 3-dimensional ultrasound ( 3D ) and 4-dimensional ultrasound ( 4D ) have started to play an increasing function in antenatal diagnosing. They can be applied in measuring facial characteristics, cardinal nervous system abnormalcies and skeletal defects. Fetal bosom echocardiography: – Performed at 18-23 hebdomads of gestation in the presence of an increased hazard of bosom defect ( for illustration: bosom defect in a parent or sibling, unnatural modus operandi ultrasound ) aˆ? Magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) MRI is used in combination with ultrasound, normally at or after 18 hebdomads ‘ gestation. MRI provides a tool for scrutiny of fetuss with big or complex anomalousnesss, and visual image of the abnormalcy in relation to the full organic structure of the fetus. Apparently MRI is a riskless method. aˆ? Maternal serum biochemistry provingINVASIVE PROCEDURESInvasive processs involve direct scrutiny of fetal cells or tissues. Classical cytogenetic, molecular and biochemical methods ( performed on artless or civilized cells ) are the most often used in antenatal invasive diagnosing. The processs should take topographic point in specializer Centres that manage bad gestations. When sing invasive methods all indicants and standards need to be carefully evaluated as there is a considerable hazard to the gestation[ 4 ]. Invasive techniques include: aˆ? Chorionic villus sampling ( trophoblast cells analysis ) aˆ? Amniocentesis ( amnionic fluid cells analysis ) aˆ? Cordocentesis ( Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling ) As per The Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act, 1994, pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques includes[ 5 ]: – Ultra-sonography Fetoscopy Taking samples of amnionic fluid, embryo, blood or any tissue or fluid of pregnant adult females before or after construct, Testing samples in Genetic Laboratory to observe familial upsets, abnormalcies or sex-linked diseases Out of the above stated antenatal techniques, the most normally used sex-determination trial is ammnicentesis. It was used as an assistance to observe any abnormalcy in the unborn kid. But over the old ages it has been used to find the sex of the fetus. In India since 1978 the trial is being used as a sex finding or sex preselection trial. Since so the trial has become highly popular and has led to a mushrooming of private clinics which perform the trial all over the state. Earlier physicians employed the controversial amniocentesis trial done between 14-18 hebdomads to find the sex of the foetus.The ultrasound technique has besides been improved. The sex of a fetus can be determined by more sophisticated machines within 13-14 hebdomads of gestation by trans-vaginal echography and by 14 to 16 hebdomads through abdominal ultrasound. These methods have rendered sex finding cheap and easy. Some sophisticated method like Erison method which separates the Ten and Y Chromos from the sperm and so Injects back merely Y chromos into the uterus to guarantee a male child have besides been developed. And they cost around Rupees 15,000 to 25,000.[ 6 ]THE PROBLEM OF FOETICIDE IN INDIAThe Women who constitute half of the human population have been discriminated, harassed and exploited irrespective of the state to which they belong, forgetful of the faith which they profess and unmindful of the timeframe in which they live.[ 7 ]Everywhere adult females are confronted with many challenges. Female foeticide is possibly one of the worst signifiers of force against adult females where a adult female is denied her most basic and cardinal right i.e â€Å" the right to life † . The phenomenon of female foeticide in India is non new, where female embryos or fetuss are selectively eliminated after pre-natal sex finding, therefore extinguishing miss kid even before they are born. As a consequence of selective abortion, between 35 and 40 million misss and adult females are losing from the Indian population. In some parts of the state, the sex ratio of misss to boys has dropped to less than 800:1000. The United Nations has expressed serious concern about the state of affairs. The long standing tradition of boy penchant, coupled with medical engineering now gives to the position witting Indian households, the pick between payment of big doweries for their girls or riddance of girls. The traditional method of acquiring rid of the unwanted miss kid was female infanticide, where the female babe was done off with after birth in assorted ways – either by poisoning the babe or allowing her choking coil on chaff or merely by oppressing her skull under a charpoy. With the promotion of medical engineering sophisticated techniques can now be used or instead misused, to acquire rid of her before birth. Through ultrasound scans and amniocentesis, the sex of the fetus can be determined during the gestation of the adult female and so the fetus is aborted if found to be female.[ 8 ] In Indian society, female foeticide has emerged as a firing societal job during the last few old ages. The miss kid in India is treated right from her birth as an extra load, an excess oral cavity to feed, a liability and another adult male ‘s belongings. The birth of a boy is regarded as indispensable in Hinduism and many supplications and munificent offerings are made in temples in the hope of holding a male kid. Modern medical engineering is used in the service of this faith driven devaluating of adult females and misss. Woman is created at par with adult male in all facets. â€Å" Womans have equal rights with work forces upon Earth ; in faith and society, they are a really of import component. Divine Justice demands that the rights of both sexes should be every bit respected since neither is superior to the other in the eyes of Heaven. † These important statements from the Bahai ‘s authorship are regarded by Bahai ‘s as looks of the Divine Will. To depri ve adult females randomly of their rights and privileges, or to strip them to even being born or killing them in babyhood is both immoral and unfair, a misdemeanor of God ‘s jurisprudence. It has a damaging consequence on the society and the persons who are involved in this pattern are responsible for such Acts of the Apostless.[ 9 ]But does the Indian society accept this world? If so why female foeticide and female infanticide are on the addition? The sex ratio has altered systematically in favor of male childs since the beginning of the twentieth century, and the consequence has been most pronounced in the provinces of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. It was in these provinces that private fetal sex finding clinics were foremost established and the pattern of selective abortion became popular from the late seventiess. Worryingly, the tendency is far stronger in urban instead than rural countries, and among literate instead than illiterate adult females. No uncertainty, if this pat tern continues it will upset the societal balance and it may take to serious jobs like addition in sexual offenses, sharing of adult females within and outside marriage and greater insecurity to adult females.[ 10 ]Female foeticide and Female Infanticide:Female foeticide is aborting the female babe in the female parent ‘s uterus. Whereas female infanticide is killing a babe miss after she is being born. The pattern of killing the female kid after her birth has been predominating in our society for many old ages. But foeticide is the bequest and part of the advancement made by the medical scientific discipline. Amniocentesis was introduced in 1975 to observe fetal abnormalcies but it shortly began to be used for finding the sex of the babe. Ultrasound scanning, being a non-invasive technique, rapidly gained popularity and is now available in some of the most distant rural countries. Both techniques are now being used for sex finding with the purpose of abortion if the fetus tur ns out to be female. With the coming of denationalization and commercialisation, the usage of pre-natal diagnostic engineerings is turning into a thriving concern in India. This is chiefly for the intent of sex finding selective abortion of the female fetus. The abuse of engineering merely reinforces the secondary position given to girl kids in such a manner that they are culled out even before they are born.[ 11 ] Compared to infanticide, foeticide is likely a more acceptable agencies of disposing off the unwanted miss kids. Infanticide can be an overtly barbarian and cold pattern while foeticide that is carried out by skilled professionals is a medical pattern that uses scientific techniques and accomplishments and reduces the guilt factor associated with the full exercising. The nose count 2001 and the recent intelligence studies informations indicate a inexorable demographic image of worsening female to male ratios. Surprisingly the most affected provinces are progressive provinces like Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Gujarat. Harmonizing to UN norms, male-female ratio in the universe is normally 1050 females for 1000 males. But in India, this ratio is dropping down to about 850 per 1000. In Human Development Survey Report besides, India is placed in 124th place among 173 states. It is a fact that our state is much behind compared to other states in regard of instruction, wellness and gender discrimination7. The chief causes of worsening sex ratio in India society is due to female foeticide and female infanticide. Foeticide is a misdemeanor of a right of an unborn kid i.e. right to life. It besides has deduction on the wellness of the female parent. At the wider degree, it affects position of adult females and has serious ecological and demographical branching. It is a grave job that affects the life and wellness of society. And yet the job of female foeticide and female infanticide has received small attending.Pre-Natal Sex Selection and the Law:Parliament has realised the grave deductions originating out of the abuse of the pre- natal diagnostic techniques and hence intended to modulate its usage merely for certain medical intents. The Government has realized that maltreatment of techniques for finding of sex of the fetus taking to female foeticide is prejudiced against the female sex and besides affects the self-respect and position of adult females. With the above aims, the Parliamen t has passed the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act 1994 ; which came into force from 01.01.1996. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act,1994: This Act provides for the ordinance of the usage of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the intent of observing familial or metabolic upsets or chromosomal abnormalcies or certain inborn deformities or sex-linked upsets and for the bar of the abuse of such techniques for the intent of pre-natal sex finding taking to female foeticide. The statute law seeks to accomplish the undermentioned aims. Prohibition of the abuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for finding of sex fetus, taking to female foeticide. Prohibition of advertizement of the techniques for sensing or finding of sex. Regulation of the usage of techniques merely for the specific intent of observing familial abnormalcies or upsets. Permission to utilize such techniques merely under certain conditions by the registered establishment. Punishment for misdemeanor of the commissariats of the Act ; and To supply deterrent penalty to halt such cold Acts of the Apostless of female foeticide[ 12 ] The PNDT Act, nevertheless, for all purposes and intents has proved to be a toothless piece of statute law. The job with the Act is twofold: – Interpretation of the Act and Execution of the Act. Despite the purpose and intent of the Act being broad and all encompassing, it has been interpreted by the ultrasonologists, the abortionists, the physicians and more shockingly the authorities likewise, to except pre-conceptual sex choice. A PIL request was filed in the Supreme Court by the Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes ( CEHAT ) , Mahila Sarvangeena Utkarsh Mandal ( MASUM ) and Dr. Sabu M. George pressing effectual execution of the Act. The Supreme Court passed an order on 4th may 2001[ 13 ]which aims at guaranting the execution of the Act, stop uping the assorted loopholes and establishing a broad media run on the issue. The 2nd end of registering the PIL is the amendment of the Act to include pre-and during construct techniques, like X and Y chromosome separation Pre-implantational Genetic Diagnosis ( PGD ) . The order mostly concerns merely the execution of the Act and seting the needed substructure in topographic point. However, the order entrusts the duty of analyzing the necessity to amend the Act to the Central Supervisory Boards, maintaining in head emerging engineerings and the troubles encountered in the execution of the Act and to do recommendations to the Cardinal Government.[ 14 ]The Su preme Court besides observed: – â€Å" It is unfortunate that for one ground or the other, the pattern of female infanticide still prevails despite the fact that soft touch of a girl and her voice has comforting consequence on the parents. One of the grounds may be the matrimony jobs faced by the parents coupled with the dowry demand by the alleged educated and/or rich individuals who are good placed in the society. The traditional system of female infanticide whereby female babe was done off with after birth by poisoning or allowing her choking coil on chaff continues in a different signifier by taking advantage of progress medical techniques. Unfortunately, developed medical scientific discipline is misused to acquire rid of a girl kid before birth † . B ) Pre-Conception And Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of sex choice ) Act 2002: Based on the Supreme Court order and the recommendations of the Central Supervisory Board, the Parliament on December 20 passed the Pre- construct and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act 2002. Some of the relevant commissariats of this Act are stated below: The Act provides for the prohibition of sex choice, before or after construct. It regulates the usage of pre-natal diagnostic techniques, like ultrasound and amniocentesis by leting them their usage merely to observe: a ) Genetic abnormalcies B ) Metabolic upsets degree Celsius ) Chromosomal abnormalcies vitamin D ) Certain inborn deformities vitamin E ) Haemoglobinophathies degree Fahrenheit ) Sexual activity linked upsets. No research lab or Centre or clinic will carry on any trial including echography for the intent of finding the sex of the fetus. No individual, including the 1 who is carry oning the process as per the jurisprudence, will pass on the sex of the fetus to the pregnant adult female or her relations by words, marks or any other method. Any individual who puts an advertizement for pre-natal and pre-conception sex finding installations in the signifier of a notice, round, label, wrapper or any papers, or advertises through inside or other media in electronic or print signifier or engages in any seeable representation made by agencies of billboard, wall picture, signal, light, sound, smoke or gas, can be imprisoned for up to three old ages and fined Rs. 10,000. Right to Life of Foetus: Our Constitution provides for the Right to Equality under Article 14 and right to populate with self-respect under Article 21. Sexual activity – sensing trials violate both these rights. Right to life is a well- established right and is recognized by assorted international instruments. Now the inquiry is, Does a fetus enjoy this right? We do non hold a definite reply. Globally, Constitutions recognize the holiness of life, yet have failed to adequately protect the life of fetus. Judicial dictums are besides non conclusive and vary in different legal powers. In India the right to life is guaranteed to every individual under the Constitution of India. The construct of personhood complicates the place of legal position of fetus. Often tribunals shy from replying this inquiry due to complex issues that arise in finding this inquiry – like when does foetus attains personhood? This inquiry is perplexing the tribunals worldwide. There is a despairing demand for the tribunals t o come clear on this critical issue and acknowledge the rights of the fetus.[ 15 ] In India, Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the life and autonomy of every individual.[ 16 ]But it is dubious if this would include the life of fetus as the significance is restricted by the usage of the word individual. The Indian Constitution has recognized the right to life under Article 21 as besides recognized in several cases.But this is barely available to the unwanted miss kid. Hence the right of the miss kid may be construed in broader footings and should be inferred as: – Right to be born and non to be aborted merely because she is a miss. Right to stay alive after birth and non to be killed at any minute after birth. Right of the miss kid to her head her organic structure, right to childhood and compensate to a healthy household environment.[ 17 ] However there are a figure of legislative acts that indirectly provide protection to the life of fetus. The Indian penal codification under assorted commissariats makes doing miscarriage an offense.[ 18 ].DecisionPeoples both in rural every bit good as in urban countries have to be made cognizant about the demand of a female kid in the societal surroundings as that of a boy. A progressive statute law entirely can non work out societal jobs. The people must be cognizant of the progressive statute law which has certain deterrent facts. Many adult females are compelled to undergo trials and seek abortion on acceptable every bit good as unacceptable evidences under irresistible impulse. A new spirit has to be imbibed propagating that a female kid is non a expletive. It is non a liability. It is non a drain on the economic system. It is non an instrument through which dowery has to be given. A feeling has to be nurtured that she is the girl, she is the female parent and she is the life sp ouse.[ 19 ] Foeticide can non be controlled unless the equation alterations and households begin to value their girls more than they do at nowadays. It does non take much to kill an infant girl even without the assistance of engineering, if she is unwanted. Among all the factors, which need attending, instruction is the most of import. In parts of South Asia where instruction and employment chances for adult females are comparatively high, the female to male ratio is comparable to that the developed states. For case in Sri Lanka the sex ratio is 102 adult females per 100 work forces and in Indian province of Kerala 104 adult females per 100 work forces. This reflects towards the deep frozen manifold, short and long-run effects of instruction on the outlook and life form of people. If we want to halt the female foeticide or disregard of adult females, we have to halt looking for speedy holes and alternatively face the job forthrightly. There is no manner to guarantee the healthy endurance of babe misss unless households find them deserving fostering. That is so a complex undertaking, which allows for no easy short-run solutions. Militants ‘ intercession has non led to controling sex finding trials. The existent challenge before us is to calculate out ways in which a realisation of the value of girls can be enhanced in the eyes of their ain households. All those who have a interest in it apart from the authorities governments, like adult females ‘s group, wellness groups, non-governmental organisations, the academe, the media and most significantly the medical professionals have to play their portion to see that the commissariats are implemented and the commissariats are strengthened by amendments of the act. Unless societal action is supplemented wi th prompt execution of the commissariats and the ordinances under the jurisprudence meant to halt female foeticide, such patterns will go on to boom. To guarantee smilings on the faces of our young person, both male childs and misss, allow us escalate joint attempts to root out unhealthy societal elements, ‘Now ‘ since future depends upon what we do in the present. Dayss are non so far, when there may be outgrowth of the state of affairs where brides will non be available for the matrimony of the boies to keep line of descent and go on the human race of even those people who believe on long standing tradition of boy penchant, that â€Å" lone boies can offer Pyre Pindadana, Mukhagni, among others and non the girls † . Therefore it is felt that the mentalities of the people should be changed right from now towards the importance of the miss kid in the household. There is an pressing demand to change the demographic composing of India ‘s population and to undertake this barbarous signifier of force against adult females. The passage of any jurisprudence is non sufficient, Torahs must be adhered to and applied strictly, before any alteration in the position of adult females can take topographic point. Inspite of the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act umteen incidences of female foeticide are taking topographic point in India. There is still extreme contention as to who will function as the watchdog to command the abuse of the pattern of female foeticide. Promoting gender balanced society involves aiming behavioral alterations in society which in bend involves a long term community based intercession, consciousness programmes, programmes to advance girl kids ‘s right, turn toing myths related to sons/ girls and concerted attempts to alter the mentality of people. Sensitization of medical practicians , implementing a system of moralss in the medical profession and monitoring of medical services available to people is an pressing demand. It is so clip to stimulate attempts to set genders equality at the top of development docket and contribute in whatever manner we can to give chances to girl kids to blossom and reflect. Apart from the above, a feeling has to be inculcated in the heads of the people that she is the girl, she is the sister, she is the female parent and she is the life spouse of a adult male.