Informal Logic

Human beings are endowed with a unique ability; that of being able to reason rationally and logically. However, man’s reasoning is from time to time characterized by errors in reasoning, particularly when presenting arguments (Moore Parker, 2007, p. 40). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Informal Logic-Fallacies Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most instances, these errors in reasoning may follow a common pattern hence forming logical fallacies. There are hundreds of logical fallacies that can be identified depending on their different patterns. Ambiguous claims and the two types of fallacies which originate from problems with ambiguity are composition and division. Ambiguity in reasoning has been identified as one of the most common fallacy that people commit in their day to day engagements. A statement is said to be ambiguous if it can be interpreted in different ways. Ambiguity is characteriz ed by the use of words which ordinarily have more than one meaning. In most instances, ambiguous claims are not obvious. Studies in ambiguity have found that differences in definitions of key claims are at the center of ambiguous statements (Moore Parker, 2007, p. 48). There are different types of ambiguity. The first one is the semantic ambiguity which is characterized by the presence of an ambiguous word or phrase. For instance, if a person says that the average price of a house in the city is $100,000, it is ambiguous because of the word, average. Semantically ambiguous statements can be corrected by replacing the ambiguous word with an unambiguous word or phrase. Syntactic ambiguity is the second type of ambiguity and is normally identified by the presence of ambiguous grammar usage or the general structure of the statement. For instance, if someone says that the police saw the man with binoculars, the statement is syntactically ambiguous. The statement implies that the police were searching for a man who had binoculars or that they used binoculars to locate the man they were looking for. Syntactic ambiguity can be eliminated by restructuring the sentence and the punctuations to enhance clarity. The third type of ambiguity is referred to as the grouping ambiguity which is similar to semantic ambiguity. This ambiguity arises when a claim may be correct in a general sense but false when taken in part (Hurley, 2007, p. 71). For example, if someone claims that secretaries make more money than doctors, it is subject to grouping ambiguity (Moore Parker, 2007, p. 52). It may be true that secretaries combined make more money than doctors as a group. However, individual secretaries do not make more money than individual doctors. Hence, the ambiguity of this sentence is in the use of the words â€Å"secretaries† and â€Å"doctors†.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are two major types of fallacies that emanate from problems of ambiguity. These are the fallacies of composition and division. They are both characterized by errors in distinguishing the parts from the whole of a claim. The fallacy in such claim is in believing that what is true of a group of things taken collectively is obviously true of the same things taken individually (Hurley, 2007, p. 83). For instance, a claim that since there has been a series of accidents involving vehicles is as a result of all drivers being careless suffers from the fallacy of division. On the other hand, some statements are true when taken individually but not when taken as a group or collectively. This fallacy is referred to as the fallacy of composition (Moore Parker, 2007, p. 53). For instance, a claim that since a ticket to watch a soccer match in an 80,000-sitter stadium was being sold at $2 implied that the organizers were not intent on collecting a lot of money suffers from the fallacy of composition-what is true of an individual is not necessarily true for the individuals taken collectively. Furthermore, to conclude that individual athletes constituting a winning team in the short relay are the fastest 100 meters runners/sprinters is a fallacy. This claim suffers from the fallacy of division. The success of a team in a relay race depends mostly on the strategy of arranging the team such that the subsequent participants who are handed the baton will always have a time advantage at take off as well as to overtake. The ways of minimizing, if not eliminating the semantic and syntactic ambiguities have been discussed. Fallacies arising from ambiguity together with their relevant examples have also been presented. Human being’s reasoning pattern, therefore, can only be made clearer if ambiguity in arguments and claims are eliminated. References Hurley, P. J. (2007). A succinct introduction to logic and fallacies (10th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth, 71-85 M oore, B. N., Parker, R. (2007). Critical Thinking (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 39-64Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Informal Logic-Fallacies Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Informal Logic-Fallacies Definition was written and submitted by user Isabella Singleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rock Music

Rock Music In this essay, I'm going to introduce to the reader a topic not touched a lot because of its complexity and its avoidance by conservative adults. This topic is, of course, Rock Music. During one week, I looked for information in the library and at my house, and from the information I gathered and my one knowledge about the topic, I'm going to lead the reader to a better understanding of Rock n' Roll. I chose to do Rock music because I can identify myself with it. Rock music is very complex. In fact 'It's stylistic scope is to broad to be encompassed by any single definition' ('Rock Music', Groliers, p.1). The nearest definition suggests a kind of music that represents and speaks for the teenage society. This music is characterized by using a heavy beat. In this essay, I'm going to divide Rock music into four sections: Rock of the 50‚Â ´s, of the 60‚Â ´s, of the 70‚Â ´s and of the 80‚Â ´s.example of a riff of traditional heavy metalHeavy metal gets very little air play on radio stations there is an average of only one radio station per listening air. Fans often depend on word of mouth, the internet, and attending clubs to find out about new bands and songs.Alternative rock is considered to be popular music. It does not have as many loyal fans as hard rock but does get as much radio play as rap rock. Alternative rock is soft-core in comparison to heavy metal and rap rock. It does contain cursing but the topics of songs usually deal with life and love. It is not loud and the lead singer is not usually screaming into the microphone.Rock music has many more sub categorize than the ones listed here. It is important to be open to the many types of music around you.

Example Sentences of the Verb Cut

Example Sentences of the Verb Cut You can cut your steak or you can cut through paper, but can you correctly use the irregular verb cut for each tense? This page provides example sentences of the verb cut in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Test your understanding with the quiz at the end! All Tenses of Cut Base Form cut / Past Simple cut / Past Participle cut / Gerund cutting Present Simple I cut paper with those scissors. Present Simple Passive Paper is cut by John. Present Continuous He is cutting the figures out now. Present Continuous Passive The figures are being cut out now. Present Perfect Jack has cut out fifteen figures. Present Perfect Passive Fifteen figures have been cut out by John. Present Perfect Continuous I have been cutting out figures for the past twenty minutes. Past Simple He cut out twenty figures yesterday. Past Simple Passive Twenty figures were cut out yesterday. Past Continuous He was cutting the paper when she came into the room. Past Continuous Passive The paper was being cut when she came into the room. Past Perfect Jane had cut out the figures before they began the work on pasting. Past Perfect Passive The figures had been cut out before they began the work on pasting. Past Perfect Continuous They had been cutting out figures for two hours before they began the difficult work. Future (will) She will cut those out. Dont worry. Future (will) passive Those figures will be cut out by Jack. Future (going to) Jack is going to cut those figures out. Future (going to) passive Those figures are going to be cut out by Jack. Future Continuous We will be cutting figures out at two tomorrow afternoon. Future Perfect Jack will have cut out all the figures by the time we begin. Future Possibility Jennifer might cut class tomorrow. Real Conditional If she cuts class, the teacher will be angry. Unreal Conditional If she cut class, the teacher would be angry. Past Unreal Conditional If she had cut class, the teacher would have been angry. Present Modal You must cut these out before you begin. Past Modal Jack might have cut out those figures. Quiz: Conjugate With Cut Use the verb to cut to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Fifteen figures _____ out by John.I _____ paper with those scissors.Jane _____ out the figures before they began the work on pasting.She ____ those out. Dont worry.He ____ out twenty figures yesterday.Jack will _____ out all the figures by the time we begin.If she _____ class, the teacher will be angry.The figures _____ out before they began the work on pasting.Paper _____ by John in our company.Jennifer _____ class tomorrow. You never know. Quiz Answers have been cutcuthad cutwill cutcuthave cutcutshad been cutis cutmight cut

Capture, Processing, and Presentation of Exogenous Antigen by Essay - 6

Capture, Processing, and Presentation of Exogenous Antigen by Dendritic Cells - Essay Example As the paper stresses B and T cells differ in the manner they recognize antigens. B cells can recognize the antigen through its structure while T cells recognize the same protein only when it has been degraded and presented on the surface of the antigen presenting cell (APC). T cells do not attack free antigens that can be found in the cytosol. In the lymphoid tissues, dendritic cells are considered professional antigen presenting cells (APC) because they are strongest known stimulators of T cells in vivo and in vitro. Thus far, dendritic cells (DC) have only one known function, and that is to present antigens to T cells. Their name was derived dendron, Greek for tree, because of their morphological structure which resembles a tree with many branches or dendrites. From this paper it is clear that the DC arise from myeloid cells in the bone marrow and migrate to peripheral tissues like the skin and mucosa. In these tissues, the immature phenotype of dendritic cells prevail. Immature D C are not yet capable of stimulating T cells. However, the immature DC have receptors that allow them to recognize factors on microbial surfaces allowing them to take up or ingest exogenous antigens through macropinocytosis, endocytosis, and phagocytosis. During macropinocytosis, the dendritic cell membrane forms curved ruffles which fold in to form a pocket enclosing the antigens. The pocket forms a vesicle, called a macropinosome, with 1-5 um diameter, that is filled with extracellular fluid and other molecules including the antigens. The macropinosome then travels into the cytoplasm were it fuses with endosomes and lysosomes. This process occurs constitutively in immature DC and requires the presence of cholesterol. Macropinocytosis occurs in other cells but is only induced by the presence of growth factors.  

Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asthma - Essay Example It is important that therapists be familiar with asthma so that they can properly diagnose patients on an individual basis. As such, I picked these articles to review as each person is unique in their diagnosis, as well as their treatment. In Sherry Baker’s article, â€Å"Children in danger from exposure to common chemicals, new studies confirm,† the author divulges into alleged causes of asthma in children, which are the toxic chemicals of common products. One study revealed that children exposed to pesticides during their prenatal stage risked developing a chronic cough at the age of five. This study yields evidence that the respiratory system of a child is defenseless against toxic exposure while in their mother’s womb (Baker, 2012). This chemical found in pesticides that causes children to develop chronic cough is piperonyl butoxide. Two other chemicals that are known to cause chronic coughing in children include diethyl phthalate and butylbenzyl phthalate, which are found in personal care and plastic products. When children are exposed to these chemicals, they are at risk of developing asthma-related airway inflammation. Sarka-Jonae Miller looks at alternative remedies for asthma in her article â€Å"Lifestyle remedies for the management of asthma.† Miller points out that while doctors disagree with lifestyle remedies for asthma, such as acupuncture and breathing exercise, these treatments have been proven to be less harmful than the common prescribed medications (Miller, 2012). Rolfing and osteopathic manipulation can be utilized to alleviate restrictive patterns in muscles and nerves, allowing for easier breathing. Acupuncture has been shown to decrease the frequency of asthma attacks, as well as improve breathing. Various breathing exercises can be used to help individuals control their breathing, thus preventing asthma attacks and allowing individuals to rely less

Operations Management and Productivity Essay Example for Free

Operations Management and Productivity Essay Service and product design decision is one of the very important issues of operations management. Indeed this decision determines the health and fate of any organization (Krajewski Ritzman, 1998). A company that designs products and services that are of superior quality and that click with the intended market, definately succeeds. Hard Rock Cafe’s operations management has been successful in designing products and services in entertainment hospitality sector. This sector is one of the most competitive sectors, but they have been able to design and offer quality products and superior services in cafes, hotels, casinos and lately in music venues, Rock museum and Rock concerts (Evans, 1996). To respond to changing customer needs and expectations, they have continuously changed their menus and the services they offer. Hard Rock’s success comes as a result of continuous monitoring of quality of their products and services (Saheli, 2007). Their Quality Management Department has devised techniques to continuously monitor quality so as to improve quality of products and services and also make timely corrective measures and hence reduce quality costs. In the cafe, regular surveys are done to evaluate quality of food and services, where a scale is devised to measure scores (Ibid, 2007). To ensure quality products and services, production processes and capacity have been enhanced by using state-of-the-art equipment in catering, entertainment services in casinos, hotels and music venues. Technology is also embraced to increase production capacity in cafes and hotels (Krajewski Ritzman, 1998). Hard Rock started its operations in London. However, in 1988 it moved its headquarters to Orlando, Florida as it targeted the booming US market (Evans, 1996). It has later spread its cafes and hotels to more than 40 locations in US. The decision of spreading its wings to many states is to tap into unsaturated markets as well as diversify operation risks (Ibid, 1996). Due to increasing customers and hence operations, Hard Rock has expanded their cafe facilities to handle their clients. For example at Orlando Universal Studios, their cafe serves over 3,000 meals a day with about 400 employees and the number is expected to grow especially during high tourist seasons (Saheli, 2007). To ensure high labor productivity, Hard Rock Cafe has provided their workers with excellent working conditions. This is achieved through good industrial relation management and employee-management relations. Human Resource Management has ensured that the company has the best of employees who are competent, skilled and fit for their positions, hence Hard Rock expects the best out of their labor force (Krajewski Ritzman, 1998). Productiveness is the main task of the supply chain management in Hard Rock. The department has developed supply chain strategies aimed at reducing procurement costs and value adding the process. Hard Rock has entered into strategic partnership with suppliers to improve efficiency and effectiveness of this activity (Evans, 1996). To effectively manage inventory, the company has inventory management system that guides the managers on when to order inventory and how much (Saheli, 2007). To increase efficiency and reduce costs, they have embraced Just-In-Time philosophy where the materials required are procured in time and used in time (Saheli, 2007). During low season, Orlando Cafe staff is scheduled down to 15-minutes intervals to meet seasonal and daily demand changes in tourist environment. Annual Routine maintenance is exercised in all their facilities. Maintenance department is charged with responsibilities of ensuring that Hard Rock Cafes, hotels, casinos, music venues and rock museum are renovated and machines maintained at good conditions (Krajewski Ritzman, 1998). The productivity of the kitchen staff and wait staff can be measured by dividing the number of meals they prepare and serve by the number of labor hours they input (Saheli, 2007). During low seasons wait staff may serve fewer meals as demand gets low and also kitchen staff prepares fewer meals. Nevertheless, they will also use less labour hours as they are scheduled and down-sized to respond to low operations (Evans, 1996).

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

Computer Crime I Ever since I got my first computer. I have enjoyed working on them. I have learned a tremendous amount of trouble shooting. With my recent computer I have come across computer crime. I got interested in hacking, prhreaking, and salami slicing. But before I go to far, I need to learn more about it like the consequences? One question in mind is what crimes are their and what kind of things you can do with them? I would like to find out why people do thesis things? I would also like to learn the laws against all computer crime? II Today's computer society has brought a new form of crime. There are those "hackers" who break their way into computers to learn the system or get information. I found out in the book Computer Crime written by Judson, Karen: That "Salami Slicers" steal small amounts of money from many bank customers this adding up to a great deal of money. I also read about phone phreaks more known as "Phreakers." They steal long distance phone services. Phreakers commit many other crimes against phone companies. In the book Computer Crime it states, most people commit thesis crimes, because they where carious and wanted to explore the system. All they want to do is exploit systems not destroy it. It is purely intellectual. I know one reason is that is can be very rewarding. Hackers are drawn to computers for the aninymity they allow. They feel powerful and can do anything. Hackers can be there own person out side the real world. I found out Arizona was the first state to pass a law against computer crime, in 1979. In 1980 the U.S. copyright act was amended to include soft ware. I found out that in 1986 a computer farad abuse act was passed. This act was made to cover over any crime or computer scheme that was missed with any former laws. Violations to any of thesis laws are a maxim of five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. III With my computer I can do lots of these things but choose not to. Because I know that if you know computers you can do much more like carious wise.

Leadership Essay

The importance in developing greatness and achieving success lies within the ability to carry out Level 5 leadership. It is evident that companies who are Level 5 leaders have prospered greatly and attained â€Å"stock returns at least 3 times the market’s† (Collins, 2005). Taking this into consideration those companies who did not possess level 5 leaders were able to achieve success only for a period of time but failed to sustain it any longer than that. Humility and will are behaviours that make up the qualities of a level 5 leader and their importance lies in the fact that having this quality either can make or break a company. Over many years, out of a large number of companies that were researched, only a small number of them truly sustained their growth and this came down to whether or not the leaders of these Fortune 500 companies sat atop the hierarchy or whether they lacked the level 5 trait. There are also implications for today’s management and the issue of whether executives need to plan for the future and weigh the costs against the benefits of certain projects. Workplace branding is also an important factor that needs to be taken into consideration by Level 5 leaders as they have huge potential to influence their organization’s brand. Furthermore, level 5 leadership is an attribute that can be developed but is not for everyone. Analysis Leadership is a significant element in any business as without it, a business is doomed to fail right from the start. Having a strong leader can eliminate disputes and internal problems. A company must have internal strength before it can be strong enough to outperform the general market. Humility in a Level 5 Leader We can characterize a level 5 leader by many unique traits however, the two most important according to Jim Collins is humility and will. Collins depicts these leaders as â€Å"modest and willful, shy and fearless† (Collins, 2005). Jim Collins defines a level 5 leader as â€Å"an executive in whom genuine personal humility blends with intense professional will† (Collins, 2005). He describes a hierarchy where level 5 leaders sit on the top and exhibit these tendencies while working in professional frameworks supported by effective teamwork. Since a level 5 leader is said to have both humility and will, level 5 leaders exhibit a twofold quality, therefore, humility is positively acknowledged as a quality of successful leaders. Humility is a key aspect to level 5 leadership and those that emboss this quality often â€Å"credit others, external factors, and good luck for their companies’ success† (Collins, 2005). These types of leaders, when commenting on their company success will praise the employees for contributing their skills and efforts to its triumph and shy away from giving themselves attention. According to a report, â€Å"a leader who has humility is unlikely to impose their own personal vision on others and is more likely to admit any flaw in their own vision† (Lawrence, 2006). Instead of crediting themselves and their own efforts they exhibit a type of nature that allows them to recognize others. Leaders with humility â€Å"don’t seek success for their own glory–and they’re first to accept blame for mistakes† (Mind Tools Ltd. , 2013). Level 5 leaders possess â€Å"the seed† (Collins, 2005) which is a quality that allows them to â€Å"subjugate to something larger than themselves† (Collins, 2005). This is a powerful virtue and one that sets those company’s who succeed apart from those that fail. Those leaders that possess humility managed to transition their companies from good to great. We have seen in comparison companies that failed to do this, their downfall was their lack in humility. As a result, we can make the connection that humility is necessary to a company’s success. A company is a network of people who work as a team and leaders that display humbleness towards their employees, by taking responsibility when things go wrong and recognizing the team for their hard work, will reach eminent success. Companies that exhibited this kind of behaviour included Kroger Co, Kimberly-Clark, and Gillette to name a few, while others such as A&P, Scott Paper, and Bank of America were comprised of leaders that were self centered. It is evident that these types of leaders led their company to destruction especially during the 2007 to 2008 crisis. In this case and every other, â€Å"humility matters [because] chaos could have been averted if appointment committees had recruited Level 5 leaders† (Mind Tools Ltd. , 2013). Collins was able to change the worlds view about what makes a great leader which many thought was charisma and personality. The mistake most of these comparison companies made was believing that level 5 leaders’ gentle and shy nature would bring them down when in reality, those characteristics are what brought them to the top. Comparison company leaders felt that charisma and forwardness was the way to the top of the hierarchy however, they soon found out this was not the key to success. Other important characteristics that mold a level 5 leader is discipline, determination, and integrity. While most people believe that having an extreme personality is necessary, they fail to recognize that these traits are what makes up some peoples personalities, which is what makes them great leaders. Jim Collins emphasized Darwin Smith in this respect; a man with â€Å"iron will† (Collins, 2005) and one that never stopped having faith in the success of his company. There arises a compelling need for leadership in a business and this need stems from the â€Å"desire to grow and achieve higher goals [which] never develops,† (Martin, 1999) if there is no potent leader in place. Corporate Changes in Leadership As only 11 Fortune 500 companies flourished to greatness, the attributes each company possessed in similarities was Level 5 leadership. These 11 companies that made Collins list â€Å"averaged returns 6. 9 times greater than the market’s,† (Collins, 2001) doubling the returns of their rivals. There have been many attempts to change a corporate vision by changing leadership however, setting a new direction has not shown anticipated results nor has â€Å"articulating a fresh corporate vision† (Collins, 2001). The mistake most companies have made is focusing more on the direction of the business rather than the people implementing the strategy. World leaders have sought to take advantage of this unique approach by having the right people on the management team and then divulging into the â€Å"what† question many have asked. Having a company comprised of the right people is the most important step because these types of people can adapt to changing circumstances rather than having to adapt the company’s direction to match the teams vision. What leaders such as Darwin Smith did, was develop a hedgehog concept where they can â€Å"simplify a complex world into a single, organizing idea† (Collins, 2001) and take their company to new lengths. Kimberly-Clark Kimberly Clark, a paper company, was one of these that had remained successful after experiencing a change in leadership. With Darwin E. Smith in position to act as CEO, the company was transformed into the giant success that it is today. Initially, Kimberly-Clark was just like any other old paper company that was considered good but not great. All that changed when Darwin Smith became CEO in 1971. This man was credited with turning Kimberly-Clark into â€Å"an innovative consumer products powerhouse† (Anshuman, 2005). The first step to its transformation was the elimination of the Kimberly-Clark mills. Many people were skeptical about the move but Darwin’s determination allowed the company to overcome its rivals and beat the market. It was his strength and leadership that paved the way for its transformation. Anshuman mentions in his blog that Smith made sure his leadership team consisted of those people that met his standards and separated them from those who did not (2005, October 22). By building strength within the company first, Darwin was able to create strength externally as well, which gave the company an advantage and allowed it to expand geographically. Furthermore, Darwin pushed his efforts towards strengthening â€Å"the company’s position in the tissue segment of the paper industry† (Anshuman, 2005). It was evident that these newly implemented strategies were thriving since â€Å"stockholders experienced returns of 19. 6% annually† (Anshuman, 2005) and it was his qualities of crediting others for the company’s success that truly brought it to greatness. Before Darwin, Kimberly-Clark’s CEO was headed in the wrong direction as its â€Å"stock had fallen 36% behind the general market,† (Collins, 2005) and this was no small number. The reason for this fall was because the company’s leadership team was not focused on its main operations and the areas that would bring the company to greatness which in turn caused Kimberly-Clark to fall short. This downfall was brought by Kimberly-Clark’s failure â€Å"to keep up with early disposable diaper improvements and market innovations† (Funding Universe, n. d. ). Clearly Smith had the right idea when he took the initiative to merge with Scott Paper. After its transformation, Kimberly Clark was â€Å"generating stock returns 4. 1 times greater than the general markets† (Collins, 2005). Kimberly-Clark became â€Å"the leading consumer paper products company in the world,† (Collins, 2005) outperforming not only the market but even other giant, well known, companies such as Hewlett-Packard, General Electric, and Coca-Cola. Kimberly-Clark was on Collins’ list because the company was able to sustain greatness after they had attained it for the first time. Smith succeeded in making Kimberly-Clark a great company and this was possible because he had the qualities of a level 5 leader. It is duly noted that transforming a company from good to great is not an easy task but those leaders holding â€Å"this paradoxical combination of traits,† (Collins, 2005) those of humility and professional will, have the ability to achieve this prominence. What Kimberly-Clark’s team and other great companies did was not starting something new but essentially taking the action to stop doing something they have done for many years. To discontinue a main part of their business is what led them to become great. For Kimberly-Clark, â€Å"that meant it would have to stop doing paper mills,† (Collins, 2001) for other companies it may mean eliminating unnecessary or time consuming strategies. This company did not achieve success over night or by some miracle but through â€Å"simplicity and diligence† (Collins, 2001). Kroger Co Kroger Co, a grocery store chain, was normally seen as an ‘average’ company or nothing out of the ordinary until it dramatically transformed and started racking up large returns. When it â€Å"broke free of its mediocrity to beat the stock market by 4. 16 times,† (Collins, 2001) it continued its rally and in a 15 year period â€Å"Kroger outperformed the market by 10 times† (Collins, 2001). Before this occurred however, Kroger was run by leaders that were less likely to succeed and turn the company around to sustainability. From the early years, Kroger was a successful company because its strategy emphasized customer wants and needs rather than the organizations’ itself, although for the first 80 years it was nothing more than average. However, a main reason for Kroger’s experienced growth lay in its acquisitions such as the one with Dillon Companies Inc. in 1983 which smoothed Kroger’s transition into â€Å"[becoming] a coast-to-coast operator of food, drug and convenience stores† (The Kroger Company, 2013). During the time of this acquisition, Lyle Everingham was CEO of Kroger and his leadership skills led the company â€Å"to utilize extensive consumer research to focus on meeting customer needs first, rather than on what suited Kroger best,† (Zwiebach, 2008) which is the vision Kroger initially set out in the beginning and proved to be successful. The acquisition with Dillon was not the most significant either but it was Kroger’s merger with Fred Meyer that developed the company’s geographic culture as well as created the â€Å"widest variety of formats in the foot retailing industry† (The Kroger Company, 2013). This merger under the direction of the next CEO, Joseph A. Pichler, created a major buzz and resulted from his outward looking perspective. All of these leaders possessed the skills that allowed them to sustain the growth in the business which was seen in the many years Kroger beat the stock market. Following the years of average performance, the leaders from there on in all had something in common; they were all level 5 leaders who contributed their own efforts to continuing Kroger’s growth and â€Å"from 1973 to 1998, Kroger outperform the market by 10 times† (Collins, 2001). 1973 was Kroger’s turning point and leaders realized that the current model was going to continue demonstrating average performance so they took the initiative and â€Å"began eliminating, changing or replacing every single one of its stores† (Thill, 2003) to fit new certainties. The common link between these companies was their approach: â€Å"a down-to-earth, pragmatic, committed-to-excellence process† (Collins, 2001). In other words, this framework kept successful companies on the right path and molded them into their strong counterparts that were able to uphold their greatness. The changes in leadership that these companies experienced resulted in momentum change where this increase in energy encouraged them to keep going and carrying it on with greater velocity until exceptional results were produced.

Northstowe Good or Bad

In this study, I will endeavour to discover if Northstowe is the answer to Cambridge's problems and if anything has been learnt from development of earlier settlements, such as Bar Hill, Cambourne and Arbury. This means I am going to review the circumstances that were there when the settlements were built and see if the move made by the planners at the time was best for what happened in terms of the growth of the population and people wanting to live and work in the Cambridgeshire area, this has caused a lack of houses. This has meant huge price rises in houses making them unaffordable for first time buyers in the area. As people cannot move into Cambridge directly because of the lack of housing, they have to move into the surrounding villages and towns making them also full, this is producing a lot of traffic moving in and out of Cambridge everyday which is a huge problem as the roads cannot handle the amount of traffic as Cambridge is a medieval town and was meant for horse and carts. This has created a lot of problems such as congestion and pollution. I went to Cambridge, Arbury, Oakington, Cambourne and Bar Hill to compare the housing, layout of the settlement, the environment and the services and jobs available. I was looking for open spaces, good sized houses and houses in good condition and overall a nice environment to live in. I collected my data from what I observed and my thoughts of the visited location. Chapter 1 Just after the Second World War men were coming home and having spent years with the officers who were previously thought to be way above their class discovered that they weren't so different and so there was a huge demand for housing as men and their wives began to want houses of their own away for the family. Bar Hill began to be planned for in 1952 after the Development plan tried to contain growth, including the industrial growth inside the city of Cambridge and to limit the population to 100,000. Growth was instead to be encouraged in a ring of key villages around Cambridge. By 1964 these villages had grown so fast that the villagers were concerned that the character of the villages would be lost, so other villages further away were encouraged to grow. Also the idea of developing six new villages was put forward. Bar Hill was the only site to be developed. It met the three basic criteria, single ownership, marketable location, and well related to the existing development pattern. Bar Hill was designed to have 1,250 houses, shopping and social facilities and a light industrial estate. It used the â€Å"Radburn† design principle which is where vehicles and pedestrians are segregated by having a perimeter road which has residential cul-de-sacs inside, linked by pedestrian routes leading to the village centre. Bar Hill was divided into 12 parts residentially and it was up to private developers who would meet some of the cost of village infrastructure and services. Developers needed to sell houses at a competitive price and soaring caused several developers to sell out, and slowed development. The village centre didn't get built soon enough and so this discouraged people to buy houses more. The council had to eventually pay for a new fly over to encourage development, something that should have been paid for by the developers. A local plan was made that made the final population 5,000 and demanded higher quality housing as produced originally, before developers tried to cut costs. During the 70's houses building was slow but once the remaining land was sold off in parcels, construction speed up, although many low quality houses had already been built. More warehousing and office floorspace was put forward to decrease the commuting in and out of the village and create a more inwardly motivated community. The parish council promoted community facilities and in 1980 the village hall was finally built. A lot of progress was made when Tesco gained permission to build a superstore and petrol station, although Tesco bought the land and controlled what shops were allowed to operate. Tesco continued to grow, developing its floorspace and range of goods, it provides many jobs, although it reduced the number of smaller shops and services in Bar Hill. Industrially the land was taken up steadily, in 1985 there were 6 units vacant for a total of 56. Bar hill has attracted firms from abroad, other parts of the country and local companies wishing to expand in the area. In 1994 South Cambridgeshire District Council granted outline planning permission for the settlement of Cambourne, 9 miles west of Cambridge and south of the A428 in the parishes of Bourn and Caxton. It is planned on 1000 acres of land to be an almost self contained community. When completed it will be 3,300 houses planned around three villages with traditional village greens, a local shopping centre, a 50 acre business park, shops, community facilities, such as a health centre, library and community centre, two primary schools, a public open space including a country park and recreational facilities such as a golf course. In 1998 construction began on the infrastructure of the first housing areas as well as the site entrance and roundabouts. The first residents began living in Cambourne in august 1999, with 75 homes including low cost housing, occupied by the end of the year. More roads were built as more houses were built. Work began on the first phase of the business park, building two units. Landscaping started and the country park began. Construction began on the sewage system and balancing lakes. More houses and roads completed in Great Cambourne in 2000 and work started in on lower Cambourne, with 170 families living there by the end of June. Monkfield park primary school completed along with the first children's play area. The first phone box, post box and notice board were provided. Footpaths built in the Eco Park and country park. Structural landscaping continued on the outskirts of the site and Great Cambourne village green, and the five balancing lakes were finished. Morrison's supermarket opened in 2003. Planning permission for 1774 more houses was refused. By Easter 885 houses were occupied. 90 houses were built in 1999 and 300 more are being built per year over a further 11 years. 900 of the approximate 3,300 houses are to be rented. The homes are meant to be for all ranging from one to six bed roomed apartments and houses, retirement homes and affordable housing. The 50 acre business park, 5 acre industrial estate and village shops and services will provide at least 3,000 jobs so many villagers can live and work in Cambourne. Two primary schools will eventually be provided at Cambourne. Secondary education will be provided at an expanded Comberton village college. Once the 1000th house has been occupied the community centre has to be built. It is fifteen years since the government recognised that developers receiving planning permission should be expected to make a contribution to the local community from the uplift in value which occurs when planning permission is granted. This policy was enshrined in section 106 of the Town and Country planning act 1990 which introduced a system of planning obligations enforced by contract between the local authority and the developer. At the same time the provision for affordable houses became a material consideration. This means that permission could be refused unless an appropriate contribution was agreed in areas where there was an identified need for additional affordable housing, which encompassed the vast majority of areas in England. Providing affordable housing in this way has the potential for meeting thereof the government's main affordable housing objectives. Ensuring land is made available for that housing and does not have to be bought by housing associations on the open market. Providing a financial contribution from developers to expand the supply of affordable housing that can be obtained given available government funding. Supporting the mixed communities agenda both by putting as much as possible of the supply on the same sites as market housing and mixing what is provided between social renting and intermediate tenures to ensure that a range of household groups are on the site. This relates to the Greenbelt because if anything is going to be built on the Greenbelt, it has to be sent to the government to be approved which if it is given shows a true cause and it will also be a good thing for the place where it is being built. Chapter 2 In this section I have included annotated photos of the sites that went to and graphs to show the results of the neighbourhood survey. I am going to discuss how well each site was designed to be a residential environment, whether it has a well designed environment and whether or not the facilities are adequate whether self-contained or not and whether there are any problems for example parking or traffic and whether it helps to solve Cambridge's problems. Accordia, Brooklands Avenue Catherine Square, Arbury Oakington Bar Hill Cambourne Brooklands Avenue, as you can see in photo 1 the site was clean, the traffic was light and the houses were in good condition but the houses were not very spacious, there was a lack of privacy as well as a lack of open space and a lack of parking. As the graph 1, 2 and 3 show Brooklands Avenue although the housing isn't spacious show that the environment around is nice and it's in Cambridge and so there is not far to go to get into the centre. This suggests that it could have been planned better as the houses are not very private and are quite small, this maybe because the flats where built on a brownfield site so the planners did the best they could also there is a lack of parking which is a problem because people will have 2 park on the street outside, creating the traffic problem worse. From my analysis you can see that the recent high density like Accordia near the centre of Cambridge are bad because they create more traffic problems and there isn't enough room to house the cars. This supports the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because it takes the parked cars off of the roads in Cambridge making the traffic move more swiftly. Arbury, as you can see in photo 2 the site is clean, the traffic was light, the houses were in a good condition, there was open space, it was more private than in Brooklands Avenue and the houses were more spacious and there was off street parking. As graph 1, 2 and 3 suggest the environment is well planned because there is open space, it is clean, and the housing is spacious and private. From my analysis you can see that recent low density developments like Catherine Square on the outskirts of Cambridge are good because it takes people out of Cambridge but bad because they have to commute into Cambridge to work. This both supports and doesn't support the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because although it would be getting people out of the centre of Cambridge they would want to commute back into Cambridge to work so the traffic problems would worsen. Oakington, as you can see in photo 3 the site is clean, the traffic was light, there is off street parking, there was a variety of housing styles and the landscape was nice. As graph 1, 2 and 3 suggest the environment was well planned, the houses were in good condition, the houses appeared spacious, there appeared to be amenities and the privacy was good, unlike Brooklands Avenue. This suggests the environment is well planned because the houses were in good condition, there was no vandalism, the houses had privacy, the area was clean and the place was well landscaped. From my analysis you can see that old low density developments like Oakington outside of Cambridge are good because the housing is much better and the area is generally nicer, this supports the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because it is out of the city so better housing can be built and the landscaping will be better, however the commuting traffic will still be a problem inside the centre of Cambridge. Bar Hill, as you can see in photo 4 the housing is small, and the style is unvaried and there is a lack of landscape, but the environment is clean and the houses are in good condition, but as graph 1, 2 and 3 suggest the poor housing outweighs the good environment and the closeness to services and jobs. This suggests the environment was well planned but because it was built in the 50's the planners didn't think ahead and so the houses are too small and all the same style because they were built to budget. From my analysis you can see that the recent development of Bar Hill outside Cambridge is good because it is possible to never leave Bar Hill because you can work, shop and eat there but people commute to other places to work because the work there is all the same, this is a problem because of the traffic going into Cambridge causing pollution and congestion. Cambourne, as you can see in photo 5 has open spaces, spacious houses, the houses have amenities, the houses are styled differently, there private and there all in good condition. As graph 1, 2 and 3 show this was probably the best place we visited as I had the highest average score, also the area was clean, it was quiet, well landscaped and the traffic was light. This suggests the environment is well planned because of the good roads, the off street parking, the open space and the pavement for pedestrians. From my analysis you can see that the recent development of Cambourne outside Cambridge is good because it has made a place to live that u can live and work in without having to go elsewhere. This supports the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because it keeps the villages which the greenbelt was founded to protect. Commuting people from villages who work in Cambridge have been severely affected by these developments because everyone is now trying to get into Cambridge the traffic is piling up and because Cambridge was not built to hold the vast amount of traffic that there is there are daily jams when people are trying to get in and out during peak times. Chapter 3 My analysis of the 2 Cambridge sits and the 3 out of Cambridge sites reveal that although the housing is better quality and the places are of better standard outside they are producing huge amounts of traffic going into Cambridge where there is nowhere for them all to go, whereas the Cambridge sites make Cambridge easy to walk to making the traffic problems less but at a reduced niceness of house. Advantages of Cambridge site Disadvantages of Cambridge site * Easy to get into town * Can do things in town without having to worry about getting transport back * Doesn't increase traffic problem * Not far from the centre of Cambridge * Not far from a train station * Not far from work * Not very much space * Can be loud * Can be impossible to get out of Cambridge because of the traffic * If there are road works you can still be late because of the traffic jams from the other cars * Houses small and expensive Advantages of non Cambridge site Disadvantages of non Cambridge site * Open spaces for parks and play areas * Cleaner environment * The area is well landscaped * Quiet environment * The traffic is light * There is off street parking * Pedestrians are well served for as well as cyclists * Good roads for motorists * Can be far away from Cambridge * Commuting causes huge traffic problems by large amounts of people all needing to get in at the same time * There might not be any public transport routes in where the new village is. The alternatives being suggested are new villages/towns, new business parks next to old settlements, re-use land inside Cambridge or to use land on the edge of Cambridge's greenbelt like Milton or King's Hedges. These are not likely to happen in the near future because Northstowe is currently being planned, also the new town idea is Northstowe, and it will be a new town when built. The best choice would be to use brownfield sites in Cambridge itself or to revitalise places by building business parks next to old settlements providing more work out of Cambridge. Chapter 4 6,000 new homes to be built at Northstowe by 2016, with an expansion to approximately 8,000 new homes by 2021 and beyond, there is going 2 be another boom in traffic in the centre of Cambridge and it won't be able to cope so the pollution level will increase and so will the vandalism and crime in Cambridge. The way to reduce impact on the city of Cambridge when Northstowe is built is by making Cambridge easily accessible by bus, guided bus or train, this would reduce the traffic in the centre of Cambridge. To make this settlement work, in my findings, there should be open spaces, spacious good quality housing, a variety of style of housing, the houses should have amenities and they should have privacy. Also the area should be quiet, well landscaped and should be suited for cyclists, pedestrians and motorists. There should be nearby schools, leisure facilities, shopping facilities, and a business park and also it should be well served by public transport. Doing this would reduce Cambridge's problems by making jobs outside of the centre of Cambridge, reducing the commuting, likewise with the good public transport. The schools would mean that people wouldn't have to do a school run into Cambridge making the traffic even less. Having open spaces makes people stay in a village because they can go and relax there and also it means there can be clubs held which get the village together. Leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, cinema or a gym would give the people an alternative nearby instead of having 2 go into Cambridge for these. Also a village hall would be good for hosting parties or clubs such as a youth club that would keep youths out of Cambridge and keep them off the streets. Conclusion I agree that lessons have been learnt from Bar Hill and Cambourne but I doubt that these lessons will be used to full effect, because although Bar Hill's circular outer road has been abolished from Cambourne and from what they expect Northstowe to look like (see diagram 1) it was quite a clever idea. Also from Bar Hill we have learnt that just because there are jobs that are in the village/town you are in, it doesn't mean that the people will work there, they are more likely to commute to either Cambridge or London from a nearby train station. The lessons learned from both of these new developments are saying the same thing that Cambridge cannot cope with the traffic that is pouring in from all the new settlements and from all the older ones. Also they have learnt that schools must be built nearby or in the town to help cope with the children because they cannot fit into the existing schools and the commuting to school would also put huge amounts of traffic on the road and this is what we are trying to stop. I don't believe that Northstowe is the answer to Cambridge's problems but other than flattening it and starting again from scratch, which is not do-able I believe it is the best way forward. Another thing that should be built is a church of some kind because people commuting into Cambridge or nearby villages to go to church could also be seen as a problem to some people especially is a town like Northstowe had to move into the surrounding villages it would spell disaster for these quiet country villages. Evaluation If I did this project again I would improve it by going at a better time of day where there are more people about to complete the survey, and by visiting there more than once, to go back on a variety of occasions to see what exactly happens there. I think I'd need more time to get better feel for the survey and I could use more information on Northstowe to truly discover what they will be building.

A Special Gift Essays

A Special Gift Essays A Special Gift Essay A Special Gift Essay A customer has planned to go to the gift shop named â€Å"Samanikalo† to buy a special gift for her daughter. The salesman and the sales girl is dealing with the customer to choose a better gift for her daughter. The conversation begins as follow: Sales Girl: Hi, madam. How can I help you? Customer: I want to purchase a gift for my daughter to give it on her birthday. Sales Girl: How old is she? Customer : She is just nine years old. It should be something special and unique.Remember must be surprised too. Sales Girl: You know ours is the biggest gift shop in Malaysia isn’t? We have a large collection of gift items. We shall show you the latest items. Customer: Suggest me the items that can make my daughter happy. Salesman : Oh, sure madam. We would promote you to buy a doll named â€Å"Akka Chokka† which made in Abudabi. Customer: Let me see it first. Can you tell about the specialty of this doll?Salesman: Oh, of course. It greets in different languages, sings w onderful songs and shows emotional feelings. Customer: Can you show me? I want to see how it works. Salesman: ok. (Action) Customer: Oh, it’s really really beautiful. I really like it. Hope my daughter likes it too. Salesman: Yes, this doll is very popular among the female children. Sales Girl: Sure your daughter will like it. Customer: Can you tell me how to operate it?Salesman: Yes, press this green button and it will start greeting and when you press this yellow button it starts singing. Then, pull the string to show it’s emotional feelings. It’s too simple. Customer: All right. How much its cost for? Sales Girl: It would be for RM 100 only. Customer: Won’t you give some discounts ? Sales Girl: Yes madam, I can offer you ten-percent discount. Customer: That’s ok. Please pack it. Sales Girl: Here is your bill, madam. Customer: All right. Thank you. Sales Girl: Most welcome. Please visit us again.

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

Willy Loman is responsible for his own downfall.   Willy finds his own hero and tries to become the hero in his own existence.   Willy tries to become a very successful businessman, at the start of his career he thinks that no one can tell him what to.   Willy is not good with people, he is good with his hands, he is not a good salesman and he chooses the wrong career.   Willy often makes up stories or changes the stories he knows because he cannot face the truth of his life that he has not accomplished as much as he has planned.   Willy's downfall is his own doing which is brought about by his unrealistic dreams, his pride, his career choice and his failure to manage life's problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy, at a young age, noticed an old salesman who worked at an age of 80 and made a lot of money. The old salesman took orders from no one, he made his own orders and everyone did as the old man said.   When the old salesman, Dave Singleman dies, all the buyers came to his funeral. All the people Dave ever knew came.   There were thousands mourning his death.   From that point, Willy Loman found an awesome dream which he followed the rest of his life.   Willy became a salesman.   Willy is the most unqualified salesman ever!   He never sold a thing.   Willy stops seeing the truth at one point of his life and he relies on his own lies to numb his pain. The pain of knowing he cannot and wont be able to become Dave Singleman.   He is Willy Loman, who is good at fixing the house.   He is not cut out for travelling from city to city and selling goods to people he has never met before.   Willy dramatically dies living out his dream, the dream that never suited Willy Loman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy does not allow people to tell him what to do.   He believes that he cannot be bossed around and that he is too important to fall under anyone's authority but his own.   Willy teaches Biff and Happy not to take orders from anyone.   He thinks this will make Biff, Happy and himself

Behavior Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behavior Management Plan - Essay Example The main features or basic strategy of a behavior management plan may not always remain the same it can be altered and changed as per circumstances as every children has different behavioral requirements. Behavior plans are basically formulated to help the child in getting rid of certain attributes that can have unfavorable effects on his/her personality. Moreover these plans also work on the traits that act as a hindrance blocks in a child’s way when he\she is trying to learn new skills. While composing a behavior management plan, a fundamental behavior analysis should be carried out. Fundamental Behavior Analysis (FBA) is an appraisal or consideration that points out or estimates the basic behavioral traits that should be eliminated from a child’s personality. Behavior management plan has five basic steps through which it is constructed. These steps are: (1) analysis or estimation of the behavior that needs to be changed (2) Information assembling that is when, where and how does the inappropriate behavior arise and how often does it occur. This information is important because it helps one to take suitable and appropriate steps and decisions. (3) Analysis and Interpretation of gathered information that is go through the information thoroughly and keep each minute point in your concern.